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Infant Unit III
Unit III
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Toddler task; they need to learn ______ _______. | Delayed Gratification |
| By this age know that out of sight is not out of reach (Object Permanence). | 1.5 y/o |
| 18mo has ________ level of understanding. | Expanding |
| Is a medical emergency type of croup, needs Abx and airway treatment. | Epiglottitis |
| LTB have mom stay at bedside as often as possible to _______ child’s distress. | Decrease |
| Sweat chloride test >60 (gold standard), Fecal Fat, Chest X-ray showing patches of atelectasis. | CF Diagnosing |
| Bronchodilators given ______ chest physiotherapy(CPT) to ease expectoration. | Before |
| _______ can be taken w/food or sprinkled on food at beginning of meal. | Enzymes |
| Rheumatic Fever can l/t _______ ______ damage. | Cardiac Valve |
| A major s/s of rheumatic fever. | Polyarthritis |
| What is the goal for rheumatic fever pts. | Eliminate Streptococci w/ Penicillin G |
| Helps with s/s of Chicken pix. | Acyclovir |
| Given to high risk children to prevent chicken pox. | VariZig |
| Chicken pox no longer contagious when lesions are _______. | Crusted |
| Koplik spots; 2 days before rash. | Measles(Rubeola) |
| Is harmful to fetus (teratogenic, do not give vaccine if pregnant. | Rubella |
| Abused child contributes to _______ w/o knowing. | Situation |
| Sex offenders pressure victim and ask this. | “Can you keep a secret” |
| Story does not match w/ injuries. | Suspect abuse |
| External; non-invasive; visualizes kidneys. | Renal US |
| Best clinical s/s of GFR. | Creatinine Clearance |
| Pt with nephrotic syndrome receiving Prednisone is at risk for what. | Infection(immunosuppression) |
| Etiology of Acute Glomerulonephritis. | Streptococcal Infection |
| Acute base of glomerulonephritis shows _____ urine and _____ in urine. | Blood; Protein |
| Sign that glomerulonephritis is resolving. | Increase Urine Output |
| Nursing Diagnosis for acute glomerulonephritis. | Fluid Volume Excess |
| Increase urine specific gravity and ↑WBC. | Dehydrated & UTI |
| No cure; treatment is supportive. | Osteogenesis Imperfecta |
| Is genetic; recommend genetic counseling for parents. | Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy |
| Maintain muscle function as long as possible by remaining as active as possible. | Muscular Dystrophy Goal |
| ________ meningitis has been almost eliminated in places that use vaccine. | Bacterial |
| Main cause of meningitis in newborn | E.Coli, Bacterial Streptococci |
| Immunize, No Bottle propping, only breast feed if possible, upright following feeding. | OM Prevention |
| These pts may have bone pain when moved. | Leukemia pt |
| Do NOT give ______ vaccine to leukemia pt because it is a live virus. | MMR |
| If allergic reaction ____ drug immediately. | D/C |
| The period between 12 to 36 mo of age; Temper tantrums. | Toddler years |
| Toddler years reveal steady growth curve. | Steplike in nature |
| Head & chest equal by this age. | 1 to 2 y/o |
| Visual acuity 20/40 in toddler years. | Normal |
| Much less likely than infants to try new foods because of their appearance, texture, or smell, not just _____. | Taste |
| Respirations cont. To be ______ for toddlers. | Abdominal |
| 3 most common infections of toddlers. | OM, Tonsillitis, URT infections |
| Toddlers; RR & HR ______ and BP _____. | Decrease; ↑ |
| Sphincter control by this age. | 18-24mo |
| Major gross motor skill during toddler years. | Locomotion |
| Toddlers can walk up and down stairs by this age. | 2y/o |
| Toddlers can go ↑↓ stairs alternating feet; jump with Both feet; stand on one foot; manage to tiptoe few steps; BW x4. | 2.5 y/o |
| Can drop a raisen into a narrow neck bottle; build a tower of 2 blocks by this age. | 15mo |
| Can throw a ball w/o loosing balance; builds tower 3-4 blocks; takes off shoes, gloves, socks, unzips zippers. | 18mo |
| What are the 4 major behaviors of toddlers. | D.S., D.G., T.S., C.F., S.B. |
| What stage of Erikson; Toddler. | Autonomy vs Shame |
| What stage of Piaget; Toddler. | Sensorimotor(B-2y/o); Preoperational(2-7 y/o) |
| Able to imitate a circular stroke and vertical line. | 24mo |
| The 4 major problems of toddlers. | Tantrums, Sibling Rivalry, Toilet Training, Ingestions |
| Typical behaviors of toddler in quest for autonomy. | Negativism & Ritualism |
| The need to maintain sameness and reliability, provides sense of comfort. | Ritualism |
| Ego is evident as children are able to tolerate _______ _______. | Delayed Gratification |
| Domestic _________ is common in toddlerhood. | Mimicry |
| (13-18mo)uses active experimentation to achieve previously unattainable goals. | Tertiary Circular Reactions |
| Toddlers are unable to _______ knowledge to new situations. | Transfer |
| The discovery of objects as objects l/t the awareness of their _____ ______; able to recognize different shapes and there relationship with each other. | Spatial Relationship |
| Toddlers will now ____ search for an objects in several potential hiding places. | Actively |
| Implies that children cannot think in terms of operations- the ability to manipulate objects in relation to each other. | Preoperational Thought |
| Toddler; problem solving is based on what they can _______ & _______ directly rather than on what they can recall about objects and events. | See; hear |
| Inability to envision situations form perspectives other than ones own. | Egocntrism |
| Child refuses to eat a food because something previously eaten did not taste good? | Transductive Reasoning |
| Reasoning that changes one part of the whole changes the entire whole. | Global Organization |
| Focusing on one aspect rather than considering all possible alternatives. | Centration |
| Attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects. | Animism |
| When told to stop doing something, such as talking, child is unable to think of a + activity. | Irreversibility |
| Believing that thoughts are all powerful and can cause events. | Magical Thinking |
| Inability to understand the idea that a mass can be changed in size, shape, volume, or length w/o losing or adding to the OG mass. | Inability to Conserve |
| What are 8 characteristics of Preoperational Thought. | TAG ME In. Im-Coach Carter |
| Prelogical reasoning; “A needle is something that hurts” | Mental Symbolization |
| Gender i.d. Is developed by __y/o. | 3 |
| By 2y/o they recognize ______ differences an drefer themselves by name and then pronoun. | Gender |
| Means that child moves/separates away but returns to mother for assurance. | Rapproachment |
| Favorite blanket or toy, provide security for children, especially when they are separated from their parents, dealing with stress or fatigue. | Transitional Objects |
| 300words; comprehension >speech; Multiword sentences (2-3 words). | Number of words by 2y/o. |
| By __ y/o acquire 5-6 new words daily, know age/gender; can count three objects correctly; ride a tricycle; may use fork. | 3 |
| Gestures that accompany language phase out by this age. | 30mo |
| By ___ mo of age, children feed themselves, drink well from a covered cup and manage a spoon with considerable spilling. | 15 |
| What are 3 age appropriate disciplines for toddlers. | + Reinforcement, Redirection and Time-outs |
| One of the most distinguishing characteristics of play and ↑ fantasy. | Imitation |
| What are 4 appropriate toys for toddlers. | Push-pull toys, Jungle gym/slide, balls of diff sizes, riding toys. |
| TV might be considered appropriate after this age. | >2y/o; for <1hr/day |
| Parents are encouraged to allow the child to engage in _______ playtime. | Unstructured |
| May demonstrate readiness for beginning daytime control of bowel and bladder; turns pages of book one at a time. | 24mo |
| By 24 mo develops _____ recognition and verbal self reference (“Me Big”). | Visual |
| Sphincter control, dry for 2hrs, gross/fine motor, Urge, Willingness to please, sit 5-8min, curiosity, impatience with soiled diapers. | Child Readiness TT |
| Willing to invest time, recognize child’s level of readiness, consistency, psotive encouragement, absence of family stress. | Parental Readiness TT |
| Night time bladder control normally takes several mo to yrs after _____ training begins. | Daytime (>6y/o need intervention) |
| ________ training, before _______ training. | Bowel; Bladder |
| Leading cause of death ages 1 to 4 y/o | Transportation related (MVA) |
| Poorly developed ______ perception may contribute to ↑ falls in toddlers. | Depth |
| Suitable for infants and toddlers in the rearward facing position. | Convertible Restraitnts |
| Do not D/C unless proper _____ is in car. | Restraint |
| Ride rear-facing until ______ & at least ______ in the backseat. | >1y/o & 20lb (AAP recommends until 2y/o) |
| >1y/o & >20lb (AAP recommends until 2y/o). | Front Facing Seat ok |
| Booster seat after child reaches _____ (Booster till 6y/o) or until they can sit w/o the belt going across the neck. | 40lb |
| Should not ride in the front seat until ____. | 12y/o (at least 4ft 9inch) |
| The most common type of thermal burn in children. | Scald (<120°F Thermostat) |
| The major reason for poisoning. | Improper Storage |
| Is an authoritative source of information on vaccines and other important pediatric infectious diseases. | “Red Book” |
| This illness has abrupt onset with fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine and “Jaundice” | Hep A, @1y/o(12-23mo), x2 with 6mo gap |
| Can lead to cirrhosis and liver CA during adulthood; receive vaccine before D/C from hospital. | Hep B @Birth,1→2mo & 6-18mo (x3) |
| Both full term and preterm infants born to mothers who’s HBsAg status is + or unknown should receive these w/in 12hrs of birth. | Hep B & HBIG vaccine |
| Give this equine antitoxin IV to the child with clinical s/s bacause of the often fulminant progression of the disease. | Diphtheria |
| Boosters for Diphtheria given every ____ years. | 10 |
| What is the schedule for DTaP vaccine. | 2mo, 4mo, 6mo,15-18mo, 4-6yrs. (x5) |
| The Tdap vaccine is recommended at what age. | 11-12y/o (7-10 y/o if not received any or all the DTap series) |
| Recommended schedule for IPV. | 2mo, 4mo, 6-18mo, 4-6yrs (x4) |
| Is a combination vaccination containing DTaP, Hep B, and IPV | Pediarix |
| Recommended schedule for MMR-V. | 12-15mo & 4-6yrs |
| After receiving MMR-V. | ↑ risk for seizures |
| This supplement has been effective in ↓ the morbidity and mortality associated with measles(rubeola) in developing countries. | Vit A |
| Recommended vaccination for all prepubertal children and susceptible adolescents and adult women in childbearing age. | Rubella (Not Given to Pregnant ♀) |
| Protects against B. Meningitis, epiglotitis, B. Pneumonia, septic arthritis, and sepsis. | Hib @ 2mo, 4mo, 6mo, 12-15mo (x4) NO catch-up |
| Varicella vaccine is administered __________. | Sub-Q |
| What is the schedule for PCV vaccine. | 2mo,4mo, 6mo, 12-15mo (x4) |
| Children with CF, sickle cell, chronic renal failure, Immunosuppression, DM, organ transplantation should receive this vaccine. | PCV ↑ risk (x1) 6-18 y/o |
| Is recommended annually from 6mo to 18y/o. | Influenza Vaccine (Dont give if Egg Allergy) |
| This type of infection is ↑ in college freshman dormitories. | Meningococcal Infections |
| Schedule for MCV4 & booster. | 11-12 y/o & Booster 16-18 y/o (x2) |
| Schedule for Rotavirus. | 2mo, 4mo, 6mo (if not complete; dont get) |
| Yeast hypersensitivity might preclude one from receiving this vaccine. | Hep B |
| General contraindication for all immunizations. | Severe fever; Immunosuppression, Pregnancy; Allergy to Egg, Thimerosal; Neomycin |
| What 2 things must be given to parents before immunization. | VIS & Informed Consent |
| Has improved concept of space, as demo. By understanding of prepositions and ability to follow directional commands. | Preschooler (3y/o) |
| Questioning is at its peak; exaggerated stories; associative play; imaginary playmates common; intuitive thought; poor concept of numbers; rebellious; aggressive. | Preschooler (4y/o) |
| Eruption of permanent teeth; handedness established; Vocab 2100 words; strongly identifies with parent of same sex. | Preschooler (5y/o) |
| Symptoms that occur between early manifestations of the disease and its clinical syndrome. | Prodromal Symptoms |
| Rests almost exclusively on immunizations. | Primary Prevention |
| Droplet/contact; Inc. 2-3wks(4-16days); Pruritis (Papule, Vesicle, Crust); Fever malaise, anorexia; Acyclovir(Zovirax); Benadryl; Prevent 2ndary Infection. | Chicken Pox (Varicella) |
| Spreading to face and proximal extremities but sparse on distal limbs and less on areas of exposed heat. | Centripetal (Varicella) |
| Discharge from mucus membranes; Direct contact, carrier or contaminated objects; Inc. 2-5days or longer; lasts until Negative cultures, resembles common cold “Bulls Neck”; l/t septic shock, death; Tx w/ Abx. | Diptheria |
| Human Parvo Virus (HPV); school age; Resp. Secretions and blood; Inc. 4-14 days (21days); Tx supportive; possible blood trans for aplastic anemia; Arthritis; Droplet; ↑risk of fetal death; “Slapped Face”. | Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) |
| Fifth disease; erythema on face; “Slapped Face”; goes away 1-4 days. | Stage I |
| Fifth disease; about 1 day after rash appears on face, maculopapular red spots appear, symmetrical; progresses from proximal to distal may last >1wk. | Stage II |
| Fifth disease; rash subsides but appears if skin is irritated or traumatized (sun, heat, cold, friction). | Stage III |
| Human herpes virus type 6; mucous membranes; ↑ risk <3y/o (P:6-15mo) Inc. 5-15 days; persistent ↑ fever; appear well; ↓fever to normal→rash appears; rose pink macules; 1st on trunk→neck, face and extremities; Non-pruritic; blanching, last 1-2 days. | Roseola |
| Describing the symptoms of a cold. | Coryza |
| Paramyxovirus; contact/droplet; Inc. 14-21 days; most commu. Immediately before and after swelling; earache; by 3rd day Parotid enlargement; supportive care; deafness, orchitis, pancreatitis; Sterility in Males. | Mumps |
| Virus; RTS, blood & urine; Droplet; Inc. 10-20 days; commu. 4 days before & 5 days after rash appears; Koplik spots 2 days before rash; Rash 3-4days after prodromal stage; maculopapular rash from face→downward; isolate till 5th day of rash; supportive Tx. | Measles (Rubeola) |
| Bordetella Pertusis; Droplet/contact; Inc. 6-20 days(7-10days); dry hacking cough; posttusive vomiting; Abc Tx(Erythromycin); Obtain nasopharyngeal culture; cough medicine not recommended <2y/o. | Pertusis (Whooping Cough) |
| Rapid coughs with sudden inspiration associated with a high pitched crowing sound. | Whooping Cough Sign’s |
| Enterovirus 3 types; Paralysis; Feces/oral secretions; Direct contact; Inc. 7-14days (5-35 days); prevent contractures; skin breakdown. | Poliomyelitis |
| Rubella virus; blood, stool, urine, Inc. 14-21 days; commu. 7 days before and 5 days after rash; first on face →downward; pinkish maculopapular; disappear same order by 3rd day; Tx supportive; ↑Risk Teratogenic; Droplet precatutions. | Rubella (German Measles) |
| GABHS; secretions (naso); Droplet/Direct/Indirect; Inc 2-5 days (1-7 days); ↑fever, halitosis; 1-2 days “Strawberry White”→ “Red Strawberry” by 4-5th day; fine sandpaper rash by <1wk; Tx PNC-G Abx; Antipuritics; soft diet No citrus. | Scarlet Fever |
| For severe itching use these medications. | Benadryl or hydroxyzine(Atarax) |
| Flat; nonpalpable; circumscribed Rubella & Rubeola. | Macule |
| Elevated; palpable; firm; circumscribed; i.e. Warts. | Papules |
| Elevated; circumscribed; superficial; filled with serous fluid; i.e. Varicella. | Vesicle |
| Vesicle; Large Blister. | Bulla |
| Elevated; irregulary shaped area of cutaneous edema, transient, changing, variable diameter; i.e. Urticaria, PPD. | Wheal |
| Elevated firm circumscribed; palpable; deeper in dermis than papule. | Nodule |
| Elevated; superficial; similar to vesicle but filled w/ purulent fluid. | Pustule |
| Elevated; circumscribed; palpable; encapsulated; filed with liquid or semisolid material. | Cyst |
| An cute inflammation of the meninges and CSF. | Bacterial Meningitis |
| This type of Meningitis occurs predominantly in school-age, adolescents and college students. | Meningococcal |
| Fever, n/v, irritability, anorexia, HA, photophobia, confusion, back pain, and nuchal rigidity; sometimes preceded by URT infection. | B. Meningitis S/S |
| Supine position; cannot extend the knee more than 135 degrees and pain is felt in the hamstring. | Kerning Sign |
| Flexes the lower extremities if passive flexion of the neck is attempted. | Brudzinski Sign |
| ↑WBC (Polys), ↑Protein, ↓Glucose, +Gram stain, Cloudy. | B. Meningitis CSF labs |
| Abx of choice for B. Meningitis (initially). | Cephalosporins |
| ________ loss is common with B. Meningitis. | Hearing(Auditory eval 6mo after resolution) |
| ________ are the most common cause of viral meningitis. | Enteroviruses |
| An inflammation of the middle ear w/o reference to etiology or patho. | Otitis Media (OM) |
| An inflammation of the middle ear space with a rapid onset of s/s of acute infection; namely fever and otalgia. | Acute Otitis Media (AOM) |
| Fluid in the middle ear w/o symptoms of acute infection. | Otitis Media w/ Effusion (OME) |
| The two most important identifiable factor for occurrence of OM. | Family socioeconomic status and Exposure to other children. |
| How do you diagnose acute OM and differentiate from different types of OM. | Pneumatic Otoscope |
| An immobile tympanic membrane or an orange, discolored membrane indicates this. | OME |
| Appearance of tympanic membrane in AOM. | Bulging yellow or Red |
| Teach parents of AOM to do this >6mo of age. | Wait 72hrs; to see if improves (Not recc. If under <2y/o w/ persistent s/s) |
| Recommended Abx therapy for AOM. | 10-14 days |
| Defined as three bouts in 6mo, six in 12mo, or six by 6y/o. | chronic OM(Need Tympanostomy Tubes) |
| ↓Incidence of AOM in some infants. | PCV7 (↓exposure to tobacco & pacifier >6mo) |
| Parents should be aware of ______ so that they can recognize if it falls out; normal notify MD. | Grommet |
| Normal color of Tympanic Membrane. | Pearly White/gray |
| A broad term given to a group of malignant disease of the bone marrow and lymphatic system; unrestricted proliferation of immature WBC in blood forming tissues of the body. | Leukemia |
| Most commonly affected organs in Leukemia. | Liver and Spleen |
| Three main consequences of Leukemia. | Anemia, Hemorrhage, and Infection |
| Definitive diagnosis for Leukemia. | Bone Marrow Aspiration/Biopsy |
| Achieves a complete remission or less than 5% Leukemic cells in the bone marrow. | Induction Therapy |
| Prevents Leukemic cells from invading CNS. | CNS prophylactic therapy |
| Eradicates residual leukemia cells; prevents emergence of resistant leukemic clones. | Intensification |
| Serves to maintain the remission phase. | Maintenance Phase |
| What are the risks of HSCT. | Graft Versus-host disease, infection, organ damage, (Last Resort) |
| Most important factors for determining long term survival for children with ALL. | Initial WBC, Age @ time of Dxg, Cell type, sex, Karyotype analysis. |
| Side effects of several drugs is GI mucosal cell damage, which can produce _____ anywhere along the alimentary tract (stomatitis). | Ulcers; (provide; bland, moist, soft diet, soft sponge toothbrush, mouth washes, Oral anesthetics for pain) |
| A side effect of chemical irritation to the bladder from cyclophosphamide. | Hemorrhagic Cystitis (↑Fluids x1.5, frequent voiding, MESNA) |
| Hair regrows in ___ to ___ may be of a different color and texture. | 3; 6mo (Not everyone looses) |
| Short term steroid therapy. | ↑appetite & sense of well being (“Moon Face” goes away after stoping steroids) Pre-warn of Mood changes. |
| Most common osteoporosis syndrome in children; rare; Heterogenous Autosomal Dominant disorder characterized by Fx’s and bone deformity[Rare can be Autosomal Recessive also]. | O.I. (Dominant=1 parent) |
| OI; mild bone fragility; blue sclerae, normal teeth; hearing loss ; Dominant. | Type I (Most common) |
| OI; lethal; stillborn or die early; severe bone fragility; multiple fx at birth; 10% of cases; Recessive. | Type II (most severe) |
| OI; severe bone fragility l/t progressive deformities; normal sclerae; growth failure; most recessive; few dominant. | Type III (2nd worse; rare to live >30y/o) |
| Error results in faulty bone mineralization, abnormal bone architecture, and ↑ susceptibility to fx. | COL1A1 or COL1A2 |
| R/O ______ ______ &_______ because of multiple fx at multiple stages of healing. | Child Abuse; OI |
| No cure; care is supportive; caution with handling; family education; occupational planning and genetic counseling. | OI Teaching |
| Attains standing position by kneeling and then gradually pushing torso upright (with knees straight) by walking hands up his legs. | Gowers Sign |
| Gradual degeneration of muscle fibers; characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of symmetrical groups of skeletal muscles with ↑ disability and deformity. | Muscular Dystrophies (MD) |
| The most severe and the most common MD in childhood; X-linked recessive trait; Genetic counseling important; affects Males. | Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) |
| Is absent from the muscles of children with DMD. | Dystrophin |
| Early onset 3-7 y/o; progressive muscle wasting/contractures; calf hypertrophy; loss of independent ambulation by 9 to 12 y/o; waddling gait and Lordosis. | DMD Characteristics |
| Children with DMD should be involved in ___________ and eventually moved into ______ classrooms as much as possible. | Early learning programs; Regular |
| Primary Dxg of DMD. | Blood Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
| Serum enzymes; prenatal Dxg 12 weeks gestation; muscle biopsy and EMG may also be used to establish diagnosis. | DMD Dxg |
| Maintaining optimal function in all muscles for as long as possible in the primary goal; secondary is prevention of contractures. | DMD Tx |
| Inherited autosomal recessive trait (both parents); 1 in 4 chance, ↑Viscosity of MM, ↑ electrolytes→ mechanical obstruction. | Cystic Fibrosis |
| The earliest postnatal manifestation of CF. | Meconium ileus |
| Bulky stools, frothy from undigested fat (steatorrhea), foul smelling azoterrhea. | CF stools |
| Most common complication of CF. | DM |
| ↑Fat ↑Calorie diet (150% RDA). | CF nutrition |
| R/t bulky stools; malnutrition; ↑ abdominal pressure 2° to paroxysmal cough. | Prolapse of Rectum |
| Most men (95%) w/ CF are ______. | Sterile |
| Women w/ CF who become pregnant have an ↑ risk of _____ _____ and _____. | Premature labor; LIBW |
| Swear chloride test; absence of pancreatic enzymes; Family Hx; “Taste Slaty”; >60mEq/L. | CF Diagnosis |
| Bronchodilators are administered _______ percussion and postural drainage. | Before |
| Sudden drop in SpO₂ (early); Tachypnea, Tachycardia, Dyspnea, Pallor, Cyanosis. | Pneumothorax |
| Are administered w meals and snacks. | Pancreatic Enzymes (or w/in 30min) |
| Need 2 lungs and heart for correct therapeutic Tx. | CF Transplantation |
| Gasoline, Kerosine, Lamp oil, Mineral Seal oil, lighter fluid, Turpentine, paint thinner and remover→ l/t Chemical Pneumonia | Hydrocarbons (↑ humidity O₂, hydration, Abx) |
| Drain toilet and oven cleaners; electric dish washer detergent; mildew remover; batteries; Clinitest Tablets; Denture Cleaner; Bleach. | Corrosives (Strong Acids or Alkalis) Contact PCC, Do Not Neutralize, Patent Airway, Analgesics. |
| Acetaminophen; 2-4hrs; N/V, sweating, pallor. | Initial Period |
| Acetaminophen; May last < 7 days and be permanent; Pain RUQ; Jaundice; confusion, stupor, coagulation abnormalities. | Hepatic Involvement |
| Most common accidental drug poisoning. | Acetaminophen (Tx N-Acetylcysteine) |
| Most common heavy metal poisoning. | Lead |
| Use of chemical compound that combines with the metal for rapid safe excretion. | Chelation |
| What is normal blood lead level. | <5 mcg/dl (1 to 2y/o & 3-6 IND) |
| Wet cleaning to remove lead dust on floors; windowsills; and other surfaces (Do Not Vacuum) | Lead Prevention |
| Two Chelation agents used in the past. | Calcium EDTA & DMSA |
| Determines presence of pathogens and the drugs to which they are sensitive. | Urine Culture and Sensitivity |
| Allows visualization of renal parenchyma and pelvis w/o radiation. | Renal & Bladder US |
| Direct visualization of bladder and lower urinary tract through a small scope inserted via urethra. | Cystoscopy |
| UTI involving urethra and bladder. | Lower Urinary Tract |
| UTI involving ureters; renal pelvis, calyces; and renal parenchyma. | Upper Urinary Tract |
| Contrast medium injected through urethral catheter to visualize pelvic calyces, ureters, and bladder. | Retrograde Pyelography |
| Presence of a fever typically implies ______. | Pyelonephritis (Fever, Chills, vomiting) |
| Most common organism responsible for UTI’s. | E. Coli |
| An end product of protein metabolism in muscle and a substance that is freely filtered by the glomerulus and secreted by the renal tubular cells. | Creatinine (Check BUN & Creatinine=Renal Function) |
| The single most important factor influencing the occurrence of UTI. | Urinary Stasis |
| Visualizes the bladder outline and urethra, reveals reflux of urine into ureters and shows complications of bladder emptying (uses contrast). | VCUG |
| Is managed conservatively with daily low-dose Abx therapy. | VUR |
| Wipe Front to Back; ↑fluids, Void frequently, “Double Void”, Avoid constipation. | Teaching UTI Prevention |
| A clinical state that involves massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema; Idiopathic or Autosomal Recessive; Male ↑x2; steady ↑weight gain; Periorbital edema. | Nephrotic Syndrome (Nephrosis) |
| The shift of fluid from the _______ to the _______ _____ ↓the vascular volume(hypovolemia). | Plasma; interstitial spaces |
| First line therapy for Nephrotic Syndrome. | Corticosteroids |
| Parents are taught urine dipstick; relapse may occur; ↓salt intake; prevent infection. | Nephrotic Syndrome Teaching |
| Oliguria, edema, HTN, Hematuria, & Proteinuria; associate w/ pneumococcal, streptococcal, and viral infections; ↑risk Male (x2); GABHS; Impedigo. | Acute Glomerulonephritis |
| Immune complexes are deposited in the glomerular basement membrane; “Tea Color or Cola Urine” ↑BUN↑Creatinine; + ASO titer. | APSGN |
| The most common useful means for assessing fluid balance. | Daily weights |
| Overnight cotton balls in diaper. | Method of assessing Proteinuria |
| The most common malignant renal and intraabdominal tumor of childhood; <5y/o; common L kidney; Do Not Palpate abdomen; Sxg/Chemo/Radiation. | Wilms Tumor |
| The tumor, affected kidney and adjacent adrenal gland are removed. | Sxg Wilms Tumor (24-48hrs) |
| The most common type of abuse in children. | Neglect(60%) |
| Failure of parent or other legal guardian to provide for the childs basic needs and an adequate level of care (physical, & emotional). | Neglect (definition) |
| Intentional physical abuse or neglect, emotional abuse or neglect and sexual abuse of children usually by adults. | Child Maltreatment |
| Involves deprivation of necessities, such as food, clothing, shelter, supervision, medical care and education. | Physical Neglect |
| Failure to the childs need for affection, attention and emotional nurturance. | Emotional Neglect |
| Deliberate attempt to destroy or significantly impair a childs self esteem or competence. | Emotional Abuse or Psychologic Maltreatment |
| Deliberate infliction of physical injury on a child. | Physical Abuse |
| Causes retinal hemorrhages; Subdural and Subarachnoid hematomas. | Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) |
| Caregivers deliberately exaggerate or fabricate histories and symptoms or induce symptoms. | Munchousen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP) |
| “The use, persuasion, or coercion of any child to engage in sexually explicit conduct (or any simulation of such conduct) or producing any visual depiction of such conduct, or rape, molestation, prostitution or incest w children. | Sexual Abuse |
| The priority is to _______ the child from the abusive situation to prevent further injury. | Remove |
| Passive; depressed; disinterested; loss of newly acquired skills; wont eat or sleep. | Despair of Separation (Toddler) |
| Rigid schedules, altered caregiving activities, separation from parents, unfamiliar surrounding and medical procedures. | L/t Loss of Control (Toddlers) |
| Egocentric and Magical Thinking; feels powerful and omnipotent; Feels hospitalization is a punishment; may react w/ uncooperativeness; crying. | Preschooler (Loss of Control) |
| Fears intrusive procedures- especially those involving genitals; (Castration; Mutilation). | Fear of Bodily injury and Pain (Preschooler) |
| Vaccines work ___ % of the time. | 93 |
| Varicella stays alive in _____ endings for life. | Nerve |
| Low grade fever <101°F may be therapeutic. | Helpful |
| Pain goes away when ear drum ______ which may cause scaring if repeated. | Ruptures |
| Give ______ or ______ w/ difficult PO patients. | Jello; Popsicles |
| Avoid ______; ingestion/poison; absorbed through the skin. | Hand-gels |
| Shower with hot water running, sit on toilet Not in tub; parents need to be _______. | Present (Spasmotic Croup) |
| Best way to view Epiglottitis. | Lateral X-ray |
| If <3y/o small objects should not fit through ______ roll. | Toilet paper |
| ***Drug Study: works on ion flow, ↑motility of cilia in lungs; 5y/o>older; 3x/week for 24wks; ↑Lung function after 24mo; <cough, congestion, ↑lung expansion. | Denufosol |
| Most commonly affected organs in CF. | Respiratory & Pancreas |
| Have liquids, juice, milk; helps w/ passage of food. | Impaired Salivation (CF pt) |
| Encourage this supplementation w CF patients. | Salt |
| May cause Carditis; Polyarthritis; Erythema Marginatum: Red ares w/ white patching; SubQ Nodules. | Rheumatic Fever (Jones Criteria) |
| ***Long term sequelae: after 5 years 49% reported 1 long term sequelae; of those 45% had intellectual or behavior disorder; academic problems. | Meningitis Study |
| Brudzinski and Kernigs sign only good for pts >___y/o. | 2 |
| Monocuclear; ↑Protein; Normal Glucose; Clear. | Viral Meningitis |
| Polymorphonuclear; ↑↑Protein;↓Glucose; Turbid/Cloudy. | Bacterial Meningitis |
| Mononuclear; ↑↑Protein; ↓↓Glucose; Clear. | TB Meningitis |
| May turn Urine & Stool Orange; bladder anesthetic; doesnt Tx Infection. | Pyridium. |
| ***Steroid study; early administration of steroids at time of NS diagnosis; achieved remission w/ steroid Tx; Prognosis good; Remission w/in 7 days; 7-14 days ↑relapse. | Nephrotic Syndrome Study |
| A noninfectious disease; Autoimmune; Common 6-7y/o; Uncommon <2y/o; Approx 10 days after strep; Bed rest not necessary. | APSGN |
| *** AGN Nepal; ↑rare symptoms than classical symptoms; ↑different symptoms in Nepal. | AGN study |
| ***Study: St. Jude ALL; Mutation found; single change PAX5; first time PAX5 have been linked to CA; ↑risk of developing ALL. | ALL study |
| Blood smear=immature WBC; L.P. To r/o CNS involvement; Bone marrow aspiration or biopsy. | ALL Diagnosing |
| ***Lead pollution in China; blood levels between 20-50 impair math skills, the younger the child ↑ permeability of lead. | Lead Study |
| Possible _____ later in life due to APAP poisoning. | Anemia |
| ***DMD; 10-17 y/o Males; injected with AVI4658 on foot top; 3-4wks muscle biopsy=↑Dystrophen which helps with muscular fibers. | DMD Study |
| ______ ok after hospitalization. | Regression |
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BOjangles1006
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