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NURS 3320 Exam 3
UTA NURS 3320 Assessment Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Flexion | bending a limb at a joint |
| Extension | straightening a limb at a joint |
| Abduction | moving a limb away from the midline of the body |
| Adduction | moving a limb toward the midline of the body |
| Pronation | turning the forearm so that the palm is down |
| Supination | turning the forearm so that the palm is up |
| Circumduction | moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder |
| Inversion | moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle |
| Eversion | moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle |
| Rotation | moving the head around a central axis |
| Protraction | moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground |
| Retraction | moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground |
| Elevation | raising a body part |
| Depression | lowering a body part |
| No of Bones in body | 206 |
| Joints | Union of 2 or more bones, allows mobility |
| Synovial joints | Freely movable |
| Nonsynovial joints | Bones are united by fibrous tissue or cartilage and are immovable (e.g., sutures in skull) or slightly movable (e.g., vertebrae) |
| Ligaments | Hold bone to bone, strengthen joint, prevent movement in undesirable directions |
| Cartilage | Cushions bones; gives smooth surface to facilitate movement |
| Bursae | Small sacs filled w/ viscous synovial fluid; minimize friction |
| Tendon | Strong fibrous cord that attaches skeletal muscle to bone |
| Kyphosis | Enhanced thoracic curve; common in aging people |
| Lordosis | Pronounced lumbar curve; common in obese people |
| Scoliosis | Lateral curvature of thoracic and lumbar segments of the spine, usually with some rotation of involved vertebral bodies. |
| Functional Scoliosis | flexible; it is apparent with standing and disappears with forward bending. It may be compensatory for other abnormalities such as leg length discrepancy. |
| Structural Scoliosis | fixed; the curvature shows both on standing and on bending forward. |
| Herniated Nucleus Pulposus | The nucleus pulposus (at the center of the intervertebral disk) ruptures into the spinal canal and puts pressure on the local spinal nerve root. |
| Osteoarthritis | Noninflammatory, localized, progressive disorder involving deterioration of articular cartilages and subchondral bone and formation of new bone (osteophytes) at joint surfaces. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease of joints and surrounding connective tissue. symmetric and bilateral and is characterized by heat, redness, swelling, and painful motion of the affected joints. |
| Dislocation | Complete loss of contact between two bones in a joint |
| Subluxation | two bones in a joint stay in contact but their alignment is off |
| Contracture | Shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM of joint |
| Ankylosis | Stiffness or fixation of a joint |
| Crepitation | Audible & palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement. Roughened articular surfaces in joints. |
| Subcutaneous nodules | Raised, firm, and nontender. Overlying skin moves freely. |
| Right Hemisphere | Visual spatial skills; expressing emotion; concentration & attention; sense of direction |
| Left Hemisphere | Language; speech; reading & writing; math; verbal communication |
| Frontal lobe | contains primary motor cortex; personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual function; Precentral gyrus (voluntary movement); Broca's area (speech) |
| Precentral gyrus | in the frontal lobe; initiates voluntary movement. |
| Broca's area | in the frontal lobe; mediates motor speech. When injured in the dominant hemisphere, expressive aphasia results. |
| Parietal lobe | contains primary sensory cortex; position sense, touch, shape, & texture of objects |
| Postcentral gyrus | in the Parietal lobe; the primary center for sensation. |
| Temporal lobe | behind the ear; the primary auditory cortex; Wernicke's area (language comprehension); interprets auditory, visual & somatic input; hearing, taste, and smell. |
| The occipital lobe | the primary visual cortex; receives visual information. |
| Wernicke's area | in the temporal lobe; associated with language comprehension. When damaged in the person's dominant hemisphere, receptive aphasia results. The person hears sound, but it has no meaning, like hearing a foreign language. |
| Basal ganglia | create smooth, coordinated voluntary movement by balancing the production of acetylcholine & dopamine (neurotransmitters) – Automatic movements like arm swing alternate with legs when walk |
| Thalamus | Relay station for the nervous system; Sensory pathways of the spinal cord and brainstem form synapses |
| Hypothalamus | (Homeostasis); Temperature, HR, BP, sleep center; ANS responses; Storage & secretion of pituitary gland hormones |
| Cerbellum | motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium & muscle tone; hemisphere controls ipsilateral side of body |
| Ipsilateral | same side |
| Brainstem | Midbrain, pons, medulla |
| Midbrain | relay info r/t muscle movement to brain |
| Pons | Relays senosry info; regulates respiration |
| Medulla | involuntary functions (e.g., breathing) |
| Spinothalamic tract | transmits sensations of pain, temperature & crude or light touch |
| Posterior (Dorsal) columns | conduct sensations of position (proprioception), vibration, and finely localized touch (stereognosis) |
| Proprioception | Position; knowing where body parts are in space and relation to each other |
| Stereognosis | finely localized touch; identifying familiar objects by touch |
| Graphesthesia | ability to "read" a number by having it traced on the skin |
| Pyramidal decussation | crossing of motor fibers; occurs in Medulla |
| upper Motor Neurons | completely in CNS; convey impulses from motor areas of cortex tolower motor neurons in the spinal cord |
| Lower Motor Neurons | mostly in PNS; provide final direct contact with mucsles; cranial nerves & spinal nerves |
| Dermatone | skiin area supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve |
| CN I | Olfactory - Smell |
| CN II | Optic = Vision |
| CN III | Oculomotor - Extraocular Movement, opening eyelids; pupil constriction, lens shape |
| CN IV | Trochlear - Down & inward eye movement |
| CN V | Trigeminal - mastication muscles; sensation of face & scalp, cornea, mucous membranes of mouth and nose |
| CN VI | Abducens - Lateral eye movement |
| CN VII | Facial - facial muscles, close eye, labial speech, close mouth; taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter) on anterior two thirds of tongue; saliva and tear secretion |
| CN VIII | Acoustic - Hearing & equilibrium |
| CN IX | Glossopharyngeal - pharynx movement (phonation & swallowing); taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx (gag reflex); parotid gland, carotid reflex |
| CN X | Vagus - Pharynx & larynx movement (talking & swallowing); sensation from carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, viscera; carotid reflex |
| CN XI | Spinal Accessory - Trapezius & sternomastoid muscle movement |
| CN XII | Hypoglossal - tongue movement |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Autonomic Nervous System; fight or flight |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Autonomic Nervous System; feed & breed |
| Decorticate posturing | abnormal flexion d/t lesion of cerebral cortex |
| Palmar drift test | assesses upper extremity weakness; hold up both arms with palms up and eyes closed, weak arm with "drift" downward |
| Clonus | set of short jerking muscular contractions |
| Flaccidity | Decreased muscle tone or hypotonia; muscle feels limp, soft, and flabby; muscle is weak and easily fatigued; limb feels like a rag doll |
| Spasticity | Increased tone or hypertonia; increased resistance to passive lengthening; then may suddenly give way (clasp-knife phenomenon) like a pocket knife sprung open |
| Rigidity | Constant state of resistance (lead-pipe rigidity); resists passive movement in any direction; dystonia |
| Cogwheel rigidity | Type of rigidity in which the increased tone is released by degrees during passive range of motion so it feels like small, regular jerks |
| Spastic Hemiparesis | Arm is immobile against the body, with flexion of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers and adduction of shoulder, does not swing freely. The leg is stiff and extended and circumducts with each step (drags toe in a semicircle). |
| Cerebellar Ataxia | Staggering, wide-based gait; difficulty with turns; uncoordinated movement with positive Romberg sign. Possible Causes: Alcohol or barbiturate effect on cerebellum; cerebellar tumor; multiple sclerosis |
| Parkinsonian (Festinating) | Posture stooped; trunk pitched forward; elbows, hips, & knees flexed. Steps short and shuffling. Hesitation to begin walking, difficult to stop suddenly. Holds body rigid. Walks and turns body as one fixed unit. Difficulty with any change in direction. |
| Paralysis | Decreased or loss of motor power due to problem with motor nerve or muscle fibers. |
| hemiplegia | spastic or flaccid paralysis of one side (right or left) of body and extremities |
| paraplegia | symmetric paralysis of both lower extremities. |
| quadriplegia | paralysis in all four extremities. |
| Paresis | weakness of muscles rather than paralysis. |
| Fasiciculation | Rapid, continuous twitching of resting muscle or part of muscle, without movement of limb, that can be seen by clinicians or felt by patients. |
| Tic | Involuntary, compulsive, repetitive twitching of a muscle group (e.g., wink, grimace, head movement, shoulder shrug); due to a neurologic cause (e.g., tardive dyskinesias, Tourette syndrome) or a psychogenic cause (habit tic). |
| Myoclonus | Rapid, sudden jerk or a short series of jerks at fairly regular intervals. A hiccup is a myoclonus of diaphragm. Single myoclonic arm or leg jerk is normal when the person is falling asleep; myoclonic jerks are severe with grand mal seizures. |
| Tremor | Involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups. Results in rhythmic, back-and-forth movement of one or more joints. |
| Rest Tremor | occurs when muscles are quiet and supported against gravity (hand in the lap). Coarse and slow (3 to 6 per second); partly or completely disappears with voluntary movement (e.g., “pill rolling” tremor of parkinsonism, with thumb and opposing fingers). |
| Intention Tremor | Rate varies; worse with voluntary movement as in reaching toward a visually guided target. Occurs with cerebellar disease and multiple sclerosis. |
| Chorea | Sudden rapid, jerky, purposeless movements of limbs, trunk or face; Huntington’s disease |
| Athetosis | Slow twisting movement like a snake or worm; occurs with cerebral palsy |
| Moro Reflex | Startle Reflex; looks as if hugging a tree |
| Babinski reflex | Fanning of toes when lateral edge is stroked |
| Placing reflex | flexing of hip and knee, followed by extension at the hip, to place foot on table |
| Hyporeflexia | absence of a reflex; caused by lower motor neuron problem (e.g., spinal cord injury) |
| Hyperreflexia | exaggerated reflex; caused by upper motor neuron lesions (e.g., brain attack) |
| Reflex Grade 4+ | very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, indicative of disease |
| Reflex Grade 3+ | Brisker than average, may indicate disease, probably normal |
| Reflex Grade 2+ | Average, normal |
| Reflex Grade 1+ | Diminished, low normal, or occurs only with reinforcement |
| Reflex Grade 0 | No response |
| Sodium per day | <2300mg/day |
| Calories from Saturated Fats | <10% of total calories |
| Cholesterol per day | <300mg/day |
| % of Ideal Body Weight | Current wt./ideal wt. |
| mild malnutrition | 80-90% of Ideal Body Weight |
| moderate malnutrition | 70-80% of Ideal Body Weight |
| severe malnutrition | <70% of Ideal Body Weight |
| % of Usual Body Weight | Current wt./usual wt. |
| % weight change (recent) | (usual wt.-current wt)/usual |
| Clinically significant weight change | >5% weight change over month, >10% over 6 mos |
| Waist-Hip Ratio | waist circ/hip circ |
| Normal Waist-Hip Ratio | <0.8 women or <1 men |
| Android Obesity | upper body obesity; waist-to-hip ratio > normals |
| BMI Calculation | Wt (lb)/Height (in)2 x 703 |
| Underweight | BMI <18.5; <5th percentile |
| Normal Weight | BMI 18.5-24.9; 5th-85th percentile |
| Overweight | BMI 25-29.9; 85th -95th percentile |
| Obesity | BMI 30-39.9; >95th percentile |
| Extreme Obesity | BMI > or equal to 40 |
| Normal Glucose | <100 mg/dL |
| Normal Hgb Males | 14-18 |
| Normal Hgb Females | 12-16 |
| Low H&H | Anemia (deficiency in B12, Iron, or Folate) |
| Elevated H&H | dehydration (polycythemia) |
| Ideal cholesterol level | <200 |
| Normal transferrin | 170-250 mg/dL |
| Normal Triglycerides | <150 mg/dL |
| Normal Albumin | 3.5-5 |
| Low Albumin | fluid status, blood loss, decreased liver function, trauma & surgery |
| Normal Prealbumin | 15-36 |
| Low Prealbumin | surgery, trauma, burns, & infection OR other sources of nutritional depletion |
| High Prealbumin | renal disease |
| Normal C-reactive protein | not detectable |
| Detectable C-reactive protein | atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, TB |
| Kwashiorkor | protein malnutrition (large belly) |
| Marasmus | protein-calorie malnutrition (skeletal) |
| Pellagra | Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency (scaly sores in areas exposed to sun, mucosal changes, & mental symptoms) |
| Rickets | Vitamin D & Calcium deficiency; children (cartilage cell growth/inhibition, enlargement of ephiseal growth plates); Adults (osteomalacia) |
| Magenta tongue | riboflavin deficiency |
| Pale tongue | iron deficiency |
| Beefy red toung | vitamin B-complex deficiency |
| Scurvy (scorbutic gums) | vitamin c deficiency; Gums are swollen, ulcerated, and bleeding |
| Metabolic syndrome | fasting glucose > 110, BP >130/85, Waist Circ > 40/35, low HDL, elevated triglycerides |
| Osteoporosis | Decrease in skeletal bone mass occurring when rate of bone resorption is greater than that of bone formation. (Jarvis 2012, p. 608) |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | A form of RA; Chronic, progressive inflammation of spine, sacroiliac, and larger joints of the extremities, leading to bony ankylosis and deformity. (Jarvis 2012, p. 608) |
| Joint Effusion | Swelling from excess fluid in joint capsule |
| Tear of Rotator Cuff | Characteristic “hunched” position and limited abduction of arm. (Jarvis 2012, p. 609) |
| Frozen Shoulder | Fibrous tissues form in the joint capsule, causing stiffness, progressive limitation of motion, and pain. (Jarvis 2012, p. 609) |
| Olecranon bursitis | Large, soft knob, or “goose egg,” and redness from inflammation of olecranon bursa. (Jarvis 2012, p. 611) |
| Gouty arthritis | Joint effusion or synovial thickening, seen first as bulge or fullness in grooves on either side of olecranon process. (Jarvis 2012, p. 611) |
| Subcutaneous nodules | Raised, firm, nontender nodules that occur with rheumatoid arthritis. (Jarvis 2012, p. 611) |
| Epicondylitis | Tennis Elbow; Chronic disabling pain at lateral epicondyle of humerus, radiates down extensor surface of forearm. (Jarvis 2012, p. 611) |
| Ganglion Cyst | Round, cystic, nontender nodule overlying a tendon sheath or joint capsule, usually on dorsum of wrist. (Jarvis 2012, p. 613) |
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Atrophy occurs from interference with motor function from compression of the median nerve inside the carpal tunnel. (Jarvis 2012, p. 613) |
| Ankylosis | Wrist in extreme flexion, due to severe rheumatoid arthritis. (Jarvis 2012, p. 613) |
| Swan-Neck Deformity | Caused by RA; Resembles Swan's Neck; flexion contracture of metacarpophalangeal joint, then hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint, and flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint. (Jarvis 2012, p. 613) |
| Boutonniere deformity | Caused by RA; knuckle looks as if it is being pushed through a buttonhole. It is a relatively common deformity and includes flexion of proximal interphalangeal joint with compensatory hyperextension of distal interphalangeal joint. (Jarvis 2012, p. 613) |
| Ulnar Deviation or Drift | Caused by RA; Fingers drift to the ulnar side because of stretching of the articular capsule and muscle imbalance. (Jarvis 2012, p. 613) |
| Hallux Valgus | Caused by RA; lateral or outward deviation of the great toe with medial prominence of the head of the first metatarsal. (Jarvis 2012, p. 616) |
| Polydactyly | Extra digits are a congenital deformity, usually occurring at the fifth finger or the thumb. (Jarvis 2012, p. 613) |
| Syndactyly | Webbed fingers are a congenital deformity, usually requiring surgical separation. (Jarvis 2012, p. 613) |
| Synovitis | Loss of normal hollows on either side of the patella, which are replaced by mild distention. Occurs with synovial thickening or effusion (excess fluid). (Jarvis 2012, p. 615) |
| Swelling of Menisci | Localized soft swelling from cyst in lateral meniscus shows at the midpoint of the anterolateral joint line. (Jarvis 2012, p. 615) |
| Osgood-schlatter disease | Painful swelling of the tibial tubercle just below the knee, probably from repeated stress on the patellar tendon. (Jarvis 2012, p. 615) |
| Chondromalacia patella | inflammation of underside of the patella |
| Tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon sheath; produces a superficial linear swelling and a localized tenderness along the route of the sheath. (Jarvis 2012, p. 616) |
| Gout | metabolic disorder of disturbed purine metabolism, associated with elevated serum uric acid. (Jarvis 2012, p. 616) |
| Callus | Hypertrophy of the epithelium develops because of prolonged pressure, commonly on the plantar surface of the first metatarsal head in the hallux valgus deformity or over the bony prominences of the joints in hammertoes. Not painful. |
| Plantar Wart | Vascular papillomatous growth is probably due to a virus and occurs on the sole of the foot, commonly at the ball. The condition is extremely painful. (Jarvis 2012, pp. 616-617) |
| Hammertoes | includes hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint and flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint. (Jarvis 2012, p. 616) |
| Muscle strength grade 5 | Full ROM against gravity, full resistance; 100% normal, Normal |
| Muscle strength grade 4 | Full ROM against gravity, some resistance; 75% normal, Good |
| Muscle strength grade 3 | Full ROM with gravity; 50% normal, Fair |
| Muscle strength grade 2 | Full ROM with gravity eliminated (passive motion); 25% normal, Poor |
| Muscle strength grade 1 | Slight contraction, 10% normal, Trace |
| Muscle strength grade 0 | No contraction; 0% normal, Zero |
| Phalen Test | Tests for carpal tunnel; hold both hands back to back while flexing the wrists 90 degrees |
| Positive Tinel Sign | percussion of the median nerve produces burning and tingling along its distribution; occurs in carpal tunnel syndrome |
| Dorsiflexion | Flexion of the ankle (tibiotalar joint) |
| Planta flexion | Extension of the ankle (tibiotalar joint) |
| Ortolani maneuver | Checks infant's hips for congenital dislocation; flex the knees, adduct the legs until your thumbs touch, then gently lift and abduct, moving the knees apart and down. |
| Allis test | Checks infant's hips for congenital dislocation by comparing leg lengths |
| Genu valgum | knees together (Knock knees) |
| Genu varum | knees apart (bowlegged) |
| Trendelenburg sign | screen progressive subluxation of the hip |
| Location of Liver | RUQ; Left lobe LUQ |
| Location of Gallbladder | RUQ |
| Location of Duodenum | RUQ |
| Location of Pancreas | Head RUQ; Body LUQ |
| Location of Right kidney | RUQ |
| Location of Stomach | LUQ |
| Location of Spleen | LUQ |
| Location of Left kidney | LUQ |
| Location of Cecum | RLQ |
| Location of Appendix | RLQ |
| Location of Ovary & tube | RLQ/LLQ |
| Location of ureter | RLQ/LLQ |
| Location of spermatic cord | RLQ/LLQ |
| Location of Sigmoid colon | LLQ |
| Location of Ascending colon | RUQ/RLQ |
| Location of transverse colon | RUQ/LUQ |
| Location of Descending colon | LUQ/LLQ |
| Location of Aorta | Midline |
| Location of Uterus (if enlarged) | Midline |
| Location of Bladder (if distended) | Midline |
| Where tympany is heard | should predominate because air in the intestines rises to the surface when the person is supine. |
| Where Dullness is heard | occurs over a distended bladder, adipose tissue, fluid, or a mass |
| Normally palpable structures | lower edge of liver, right kidney (lower pole), pulsatile aorta, rectus muscles (lateral borders), ascending colon, cecum, sigmoid colon, uterus (gravid), full bladder |
| Scaphoid abdomen | caves in |
| Protuberant abdomen | abdominal distention |
| Hyperactive bowel sounds | Loud, gurgling sounds, “borborygmi,” signal increased motility. They occur with early mechanical bowel obstruction (high-pitched), gastroenteritis, brisk diarrhea, laxative use, and subsiding paralytic ileus. (Jarvis 2012, p. 563) |
| Hypoactive Bowel Sounds | Diminished or absent bowel sounds signal decreased motility as a result of inflammation as seen with peritonitis; from paralytic ileus as following abdominal surgery; or from late bowel obstruction. Occurs also with pneumonia. (Jarvis 2012, p. 563) |
| Black Stools | may be tarry due to occult blood (melena) from GI bleeding or non-tarry from iron meds |
| Gray stools | occur with hepatitis |
| Red blood in stools | occurs with GI bleeding or localized bleeding around anus |
| Costovertebral Angle (CVA) Tenderness | indirect fist percussion causes sharp pain with inflammation of the kidney or paranephric area |
| Normal stool frequency | 3 or more BM per week |
| Normal bowel sounds | high-pitched, gurgling, cascading sounds, occurring irregularly anywhere from 5 to 30 times per minute. (Jarvis 2012, p. 554) |
| Borborygmus | "stomach growling" |
| Peritoneal Friction Rub | rough, grating sound, like two pieces of leather rubbed together, indicates peritoneal inflammation (Jarvis 2012, p. 563) |
| Socialization | the process of being raised within a culture and acquiring the characteristics of that group. |
| Acculturation | the process of adapting to and acquiring another culture |
| Assimilation | the process by which a person develops a new cultural identity and becomes like the members of the dominant culture |
| Biculturalism | dual pattern of identification and often of divided loyalty |
| Atrophic Vaginitis | opportunistic infection related to chronic estrogen deficiency; Postmenopausal vaginal itching, dryness, burning sensation, dyspareunia, mucoid discharge (may be flecked with blood) |
| Candidiasis (Moniliasis) | Intense pruitus, thick whitish discharge; Vulva and vagina are erythematous and edematous. Discharge is usually thick, white, curdy, “like cottage cheese.” |
| Trichomoniasis | Pruritus, urinary frequency, terminal dysuria, itching; Vulva may be erythematous. Vagina diffusely red, granular, occasionally with red, raised papules and petechiae (“strawberry” appearance). Frothy, yellow-green, foul-smelling discharge. |
| Bacterial Vaginosis | Profuse discharge, “constant wetness” with “foul, fishy, rotten” odor; Thin, creamy, gray-white, malodorous discharge. No inflammation on vaginal wall or cervix. |
| Chlamydia | Minimal or no symptoms. May have urinary frequency, dysuria, or vaginal discharge, postcoital bleeding; May have yellow or green mucopurulent discharge, friable cervix, cervical motion tenderness (Jarvis 2012, p. 758) |
| Gonorrhea | Variable: vaginal discharge, dysuria, abnormal uterine bleeding, abscess in Bartholin's or Skene's glands; the majority of cases are asymptomatic.; May have purulent vaginal discharge. Diagnose by positive culture of organism. |
| Myomas | Often no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, include vague discomfort, bloating, heaviness, pelvic pressure, dyspareunia, urinary frequency, backache, or hypermenorrhea if myoma disturbs endometrium (Jarvis 2012, p. 758) |
| Carcinoma of the Endometrium | Abnormal and intermenstrual bleeding before menopause; postmenopausal bleeding or mucosanguineous discharge. Pain and weight loss occur late in the disease. (Jarvis 2012, p. 758) |
| Endometriosis | Cyclic or chronic pelvic pain, occurring as dysmenorrhea, or dyspareunia, low backache. Also may have irregular uterine bleeding or hypermenorrhea or may be asymptomatic. (Jarvis 2012, p. 758) |
| Menorrhagia | heavy menses |
| Dysmenorrhea | painful menses |
| Gravida | number of pregnancies |
| Para | number of births |
| Phimosis | unable to retract foreskin |
| Paraphimosis | unable to return foreskin |
| Hypospadias | urethral meatus in ventral (under side) location |
| Epispadias | urethral meatus in dorsal (upper side) location |
| Priapism | prolonged painful erection without stimulation |
| Peyronie Disease | Hard, nontender, subcutaneous plaques palpated on dorsal or lateral surface of penis; associated with painful bending of the penis during erection |
| Cryptorchidism | absent testis |
| Testicular Torsion | sudden twisting of spermatic cord |
| Epididymitis | acute infection of epididymis |
| Varicocele | dilated, tortuous varicose veins in the spermatic cord |
| Spermatocele | retention of cyst in epidymis |
| Hydrocele | Cystic. Circumscribed collection of serous fluid in tunica vaginalis, surrounding testis. May occur following epididymitis, trauma, hernia, tumor of testis, or spontaneously in the newborn |
| Orchitis | acute inflammation of testis |
| Prostatitis | inflammation of prostate |
| Benign Prostatic Hypertophy (BPH) | Urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, straining to urinate, weak stream, intermittent stream, sensation of incomplete emptying, nocturia. |
| Prostatic Carcinoma | Frequency, nocturia, hematuria, weak stream, hesitancy, pain or burning on urination; continuous pain in lower back, pelvis, thighs. |
| Enuresis | involuntary passage of urine after an age at which continence is expected |
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