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Chapter 22
Musculosckeletal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Musculoskeletal System Function: | Support to stand erect, Movement,Protect the inner vital organs , Produce the red blood cells in the bone marrow (hematopoiesis), Reservoir for storage of essential minerals |
| COMPONENTS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM | 206 bones, Bone and cartilage are specialized forms of connective tissue, Bone is hard, rigid, and very dense, Continually turning over and remodeling, Joint (or articulation) is the place of union of two or more bones, Joints are the functional units o |
| Nonsynovial joints | Bones are united by fibrous tissue or cartilage and are immovable or only slightly movable |
| Synovial joints | Joints are freely movable, Bones that are separated from each other and are enclosed in a joint cavity , This cavity is filled with a lubricant, or synovial fluid, Synovial fluid allows sliding of opposing surfaces, Contains cartilage at the surfaces of |
| Cartilage | avascular, Receives nourishment from synovial fluid that circulates during joint movement, Very stable connective tissue with a slow cell turnover, A tough, firm consistency, yet is flexible, Cushions the bones and gives a smooth surface to facilitate mo |
| Ligaments | Supports joints, Fibrous bands running directly from one bone to another that strengthen the joint and help prevent movement in undesirable directions |
| Bursa | An enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid, Located in areas of potential friction (e.g., subacromial bursa of the shoulder, prepatellar bursa of the knee), Help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone |
| Muscles | 40% to 50% of the body's weight, Three types: ,Skeletal – voluntary & under conscious control, Composed of bundles of muscle fibers, or fascicule, Attached to bone by a tendon—a strong fibrous cord, Smooth, Cardiac |
| Skeletal Muscle Movements | (blank) |
| Flexion | bending a limb at a joint |
| Extension | straightening a limb at a joint |
| Abduction | moving a limb away from the midline of the body |
| Adduction | moving a limb toward the midline of the body |
| Pronation | turning the forearm so that the palm is down |
| Supination | turning the forearm so that the palm is up |
| Circumduction | moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder |
| Inversion | moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle |
| Eversion | moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle |
| Rotation | moving the head around a central axis |
| Protraction | moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground |
| Retraction | moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground |
| Elevation | raising a body part |
| Depression | lowering a body part |
| Temporomandibular Joint | Articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone , Palpated in the depression anterior to the tragus of the ear, Permits jaw function for speaking and chewing. |
| Temporomandibular Joint | Three motions:Hinge action to open and close the jaws, Gliding action or protrusion and retraction, Gliding for side to side movement of the lower jaw |
| Spine | The vertebrae are 33 connecting bones stacked in a vertical column |
| Spine | Paravertebral muscles mounded on either side down to the sacrum, where it flattens |
| Spine | Number & Type: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3 to 4 coccygeal vertebrae |
| Spine | Surface landmarks:The spinous processes of C7 and T1 are prominent at the base of the neck, The inferior angle of the scapula normally is at the level of the interspace between T7 and T8, An imaginary line connecting the highest point on each iliac crest |
| Spine | Vertebral column has four curves (a double S shape) ,The cervical and lumbar curves are concave (inward), and the thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves are convex. |
| . | (blank) |
| The intervertebral disks | are elastic fibrocartilaginous plates that constitute onequarter of the length of the column , Each disk center has a nucleus pulposus , The disks cushion the spine like a shock absorber and help it move, Elasticity of the disks allows compression on on |
| The motions of the vertebral column are | Flexion (bending forward), Extension (bending back), Abduction (to either side), Rotation |
| The glenohumeral joint | is the articulation of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula , Its ball and socket action allows great mobility of the arm on many axes |
| Shoulder Joint is enclosed by a group of four muscles and tendons that support and stabilize it | Aka: the rotator cuff of the shoulder, The large subacromial bursa helps during abduction of the arm, Allows the greater tubercle of the humerus to move easily under the acromion process of the scapula |
| Joints | (blank) |
| Shoulder Palpable landmarks | The scapula and the clavicle connect to form the shoulder girdle, The scapula's acromion process the bump of at the very top of the shoulder, The greater tubercle of the humerus Move your fingers in a small circle outward, down, and around (it is the ne |
| Hand & Wrists | Over half of the 206 bones in the body are in the hands and feet |
| The wrist or radiocarpal joint | is the articulation of the radius (on the thumb side) and a row of carpal bones Its condyloid action permits movement in two planes at right angles: flexion and extension, and side to side deviation. |
| The midcarpal joint | is the articulation between the two parallel rows of carpal bones It allows flexion, extension, and some rotation |
| The metacarpophalangeal and the interphalangeal joints | permit finger flexion and extension. |
| The flexor tendons of the wrist and hand are enclosed in synovial sheaths. | (blank) |
| The ischial tuberosity | lies under the gluteus maximus muscle and is palpable when the hip is flexed |
| The greater trochanter of the femur | is normally the width of the person's palm below the iliac crest and halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the ischial tuberosity |
| Knee | Articulation of three bones the femur, the tibia, and the patella (kneecap), in one common articular cavity |
| Knee | It is the largest joint in the body and is complex,It is a hinge joint, permitting flexion and extension of the lower leg on a single plane |
| The knee's synovial membrane is the largest in the body | The suprapatellar pouch a sac at the superior border of the patella which extends up as much as 6 cm behind the quadriceps muscle, Two wedge shaped cartilages, called the medial and lateral menisci, cushion the tibia and femur. |
| Knee Stabilized by two sets of ligaments | The cruciate ligaments crisscross within the knee; they give anterior and posterior stability and help control rotation, The collateral ligaments connect the joint at both sides; they give medial and lateral stability and prevent dislocation |
| The Aging Adult Postural Changes | Decreased height is due to shortening of the vertebral column, This is caused by loss of water content and thinning of the intervertebral disks, which occurs more in the middle years, and a decrease in height of individual vertebrae, which occurs in late |
| The Aging Adult Postural Changes | Both men and women can expect a progressive decrease in height beginning at age 40 in males and age 43 in females, although this is not significant until age 60 ,A greater decrease occurs in the 70s and 80s due to osteoporotic collapse of the vertebrae, T |
| Dislocation | (one or more bones in a joint being out of position) |
| Subluxation | (partial dislocation of a joint) |
| Contracture | (shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM of joint) |
| Ankylosis | (stiffness or fixation of a joint) |
| Phalen's Test. | Ask the person to hold both hands back to back while flexing the wrists 90 degrees. Acute flexion of the wrist for 60 seconds produces no symptoms in the normal hand, positive sign for carpal tunnel syndrome |
| Tinel's Sign. | Direct percussion of the location of the median nerve at the wrist produces no symptoms in the normal hand positive sign for carpal tunnel syndrome |
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holtanmir
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