| Question | Answer |
| Center of Mass is located where? | Anterior to S2 |
| What structures in the body serve as levers? | Bones |
| At about what age is gait mature? | 6.5 years old |
| What is defined as the sequence of limb movements/controlled falling? | Gait |
| The distance from a point of contact with the ground of one foot to the following occurrence of the same point of contact with the other foot is what? | Step Length |
| What is the distance from initial contact of one foot to the following initial contact of the same foot? | Stride Length |
| What is the rate at which a person walks in steps per minute? | Cadence |
| What is the rate of change in linear displacement along the direction of progression measured over one or more strides expressed in meters per second? | Velocity |
| What are the 2 divisions of the gait cycle & what percentage of gait does each make up? | Stance = 60%; Swing = 40% |
| In individuals with some diseases which phase of gait will have an increased time? | Stance Phase |
| Which portions of gait comprise the stance phase? | Initial contact; Loading response; Mid-stance; Terminal Stance; Pre-swing |
| What portions of gait comprise the swing phase? | Initial swing; Mid-swing; Terminal swing |
| Instantaneous event which initiates the gait cycle. May also be called "heel strike". | Initial contact (double support) |
| The purpose of this is shock absorption. Utilizes eccentric muscle action at the ankle & the knee & is 0-10% of the cycle. Quad absorbs the loads, and 20 degrees knee flexion is desired. | Loading response- early stance |
| Initiation of single support; 10-30% of the gait cycle; time the opposite limb leaves the floor until body weight is aligned over the forefoot. Provides extrinsic stability of the knee to relieve the quads & reduce work of walking. | Mid-Stance |
| 2nd half of single support; Time from heel rise until opposite limb makes contact with the floor. Body weight moves ahead of the forefoot. Purpose is acceleration. Combined concentric action of the gast/sol. 30-50% of gait cycle | Terminal Stance |
| 2nd part of double support; 50-60% gait cycle. Initial contact with contralateral limb to ipsilateral toe off. Purpose- transfer weight to opp. limb & unlock stance leg for swing | Pre-Swing |
| To truly MMT the gastroc what should you do? | Heel raises off ground 20 times |
| Flexion to clear plantar flexed toe; 60-73% gait cycle. Toe-off. Swing leg comes off ground until it is opposite stance limb. | Initial Swing |
| Single support on opposite side; "Switching" period b/t initial & terminal swing. NO muscles active. Swing foot opposite stance limb until tibia vertical. 73-87% | Mid-Swing |
| Single support; 78-100% gait cycle Time the tibia is vertical to initial contact; Knee brought back to full extension | Terminal Swing |
| Initiated with lifting off opposite leg; ends when opposite leg contacts the floor; 1 limb responsible for BW support | Single Limb Support |
| Posturing to meet needs of advancing the limb; Lifting, advancing, & preparing for next stance interval | Limb Advancement |
| From initial contact thru foot flat; preserves forward momentum; Pre-tibial muscles work to decelerate heel drop. Dorsiflexion; gastroc= shock absorption | Heel Rocker |
| Eccentric control of soleus assisted by gastroc; Ankle now rocker for forward progression | Ankle Rocker |
| Heel rises; Provides for acceleration; Changes potential into kinetic energy; Strongest propelling force of the gait cycle | Forefoot Rocker |
| Anterior margin of medial forefoot & great toe are base for accelerated limb advancement; elastic recoil of plantar flexors moves the tibia forward | Toe Rocker |
| What are the 5 attributes of gait? | Stability in stance. Correct pre-positioning of foot in terminal swing. Adequate step length. Clearance in swing. Energy conservation. |
| Center of mass must remain within the base of support while standing & move forward from one base of support to the next while walking | Stability in stance |
| Swing limb: adequate ankle DF; Balance b/t invertors & evertors of foot; Appropriate foot position; Appropriate knee position | Pre-positioning of foot in terminal swing |
| Muscles tend to lengthen rather than shorten during gait | Energy Conservation |
| In the loading response phase, about how much knee flexion is desired? | ~20 degrees |
| In terminal stance, what ROM of hip, knee, & ankle are desired? | 10 degrees hyperextension to get to stable position; knee fully extended; Ankle DF to 10 degrees |
| In initial swing, what ROM of knee and hip flexion is desired? | 50-60 knee flexion; 20 hip flexion |
