| question | answer |
| any substance that flows | fluid |
| what is a solar collector? | solar heating system device that absorbs radiant energy from the sun. |
| What is radiant energy? | energy carried by electromagnetic waves |
| _____transfers energy through the form of electromagnetic waves | radiation |
| transfers energy by the motion of heated particles | convection |
| transfers energy through matter by colliding particles | conduction |
| ____is a material that doesn't allow electrons to move through it easily | insulator |
| Give 3 examples of insulators | fleece; fiberglass; wood |
| _____is a material through which an excess of electrons can move easily | conductor |
| Give 3 examples of conductors | copper wire; skin; metal doorknoeb |
| _____is the measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object | temperature |
| what is the formula for the change in thermal energy? | Q=mass x (change in temp.) x specific heat |
| what is the specific heat of water? | 4,184 J/(kg K) |
| _____is the total energy of the particles that make up a material | thermal energy |
| What two components does thermal energy include? | potential and kinetic energy |
| ____is the amount of force exerted per unit area | Pressure |
| What is pressure measured in? | Pascals (Pa) |
| State Bernoulli's principle | As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases |
| State the Kinetic Theory. | 1)All matter is made up of small particles2)these particles are in constant, random motion3)particles collide with each other and walls of the container |
| State Boyle's Law | If you decrease the volume of a container of gas and hold the temp. constant, the pressure of the gas will increase. |
| State Charle's Law | the volume of a gas increases with increasing temp., as long as the pressure stays the same |
| What is the formula for Boyle's Law problems? | P1V1=P2V2 |
| What is the formula for Charles's Law problems? | V1/T1 = V2/T2 |
| ____is a fluid's resistance to flow | viscosity |
| _____is the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in a fluid | buoyancy |
| What is heat of fusion? | the amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point |
| What is heat of vaporization | the amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas |
| _____is the increase in size of a substance that results from the seperation of its molecules when the temp. is increased | thermal expansion |
| What is a homogeneous mixture? | A mixture that contains 2 or more substances blended evenly throughout |
| What is a heterogeneous mixture? | a mixture in which substances can be easily distinguished |
| _____is a heterogeneous mixture whose particles never settle | colloid |
| ____is a heterogenous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle | suspension |
| _____is a homogeneous mixture whose particles will never settle | solution |
| What is a solute? | the substance being dissolved in a solution |
| what is a solvent? | substance doing the dissolving in a solution |
| Name the 2 kinds of pure sunstances | element & compound |
| _____is a substance in which the atoms of 2 or more elements are combined in a fixed porportion | compound |
| What did John Dalton do? | created a very early model of the atom, which was a solid sphere |
| _____proposed that elements consisted of tiny, solid particles that could not be subdivided | Democritus |
| What did mendeleev do? | created first periodic table |
| where and when was mendeleev from? | Russian chemist in the 1800s |
| how did Mendeleev arrange the elements in his periodic table? | increasing atomic numbers |
| What did Aristotle do> | disputed Democritus' theory; his own theory was accepted over Democrtius' for about 2,000 years |
| What was JJ Thompson's theory about the atom? | he thought small, negatively charged particles were randomly placed in an atom, like choc. chips in cookie dough |
| _____uses symbol of the element and dots to represnt the electrons in the outer energy level | electron(Lewis) dot diagram |
| ____is chemical shorthand that uses symbols to tell what elements are in a compound and their ratios | chemical formula |
| shorthand method to describe chemical reactions using chemical formulas and other symbols | chemical equation |
| What is the atomic number? | the number of protons in the nucleus |
| What does the atomic mass number refer to? | components of the nucleus(# of protons and nuetrons) |
| how do you determine the # of P, N, and E in an atom? | P=atomic # ; N=mass # - atomic # ; E= same as # of protons |
| what is an isotope | atom of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| What do atoms share when they form covalent bonds? | electrons |
| attraction formed between oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound | ionic bond |
| In a hydrate, what part of the compound is the water attatched to? | ions |
| compound that has water chemically attatched to its ions and written into its chemical formula | hydrate |
| compund composed of 2 elements | binary compund |
| covalent compounds that form between 2 nonmetals | binary covalent compound |
| what is NaCl? | Sodium Chloride= salt |
| positively or negatively charged, covalently bonded group of atoms | polyatomic ion |
| where are the alkali metals? | group 1 |
| where are the alkaline earth metals? | group 2 |
| Where are the transition elements? | groups 3-12 |
| where are the halogens? | group 17 |
| where are the noble gases? | group 18 |
| where are the metals on the periodic table? | left of zigzag line |
| where are the nonmetals? | right of the zigzag line |
| where are the metalliods? | on the zigzag line |
| different forms of the same element having different molecular structures | allotropes |
| example of an allotope | silicon occurs as: hard, gray substance and also as a brown powder |
| what is malleability? | the ability of a metal to be hammered or rolled into thin sheetes |
| what is ductility | ability of a metal to be drawn into wires |
| why is it dangerous to take large doses of fat-soluble vitamins? | they can be toxic in high-content rations and they are hard to eliminate |
| name the 3 elements in the iron triad | iron, cobalt, nickel |
| what characterisitc of water makes it the universal solvent? | its polarity. it has a slightly positive and slightly negative end |
| in a carbonated doft drink, what is the solute, and what is the solvent | solute=carbon dioxide solvent= water |
| _____molecules have no separated positive and negative areas | nonpolar |
| a moecule that consists of 2 atoms of the same element in a covalent bond | diatomic molecules |
| name all the diatomic molecules | Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,Flourine,Chlorine,Bromine,Iodine |
| state the law of conservation of mass | the mass of all substances that are pressent before a chemical change equals the mass of all the substances that remain after the change |
| list the 5 chemical reactions and their formulas | 1)synthesis=A+B--> AB 2)decomp.=AB-->A+B 3)comb.=hydrocarbon+O2-->CO2+H2O 4)SR=AB+C-->CB+A 5)DR=AB+CD-->CB+AD |
| when is a chemical equation balanced? | when all the elements have the same number of atoms |
| substances that combine or change; subst. at the beginning of an equation | reactants |
| result of the reactants; subst. at the end of an equation | products |
| what did Lavosier do? | established that the mass of the products=the mass of the reactants; this led to the law of conservation of mass |
| what did Lavosier experiment with? | Mercury II Oxide and heat |
| F--> C | C= F-32/1.8 |
| C--> F | F= 1.8C + 32 |
| C--> K | K=C + 273 |
| K-->C | C= K-273 |
| when a gas turns into a liquid | condensation |
| 2 ways vaporizations can occur | evaporation and boiling |
| who discovered the electron | JJ Thompson |
| who determined the charge of the electron | Robert Milikan |
| Who discovered the nucleus? | Lord Ernest Rutherford |
| Who discovered the nuetron | James Chadwick |
