List the following: | Items: |
9 Complications of bioprosthetic valves: | o Perivalvular leak
o Dehiscence
o Degeneration
o Regurgitation
o Annulus abnormalities
o Stenosis
o Thrombus
o Infective endocarditis
o Calcification |
12 complications of mechanical valves: | o Perivalvular leak
o Dehiscence
o Degeneration
o Regurgitation
o Annulus abnormalities
o Stenosis
o Thrombus
o Infective endocarditis
o Calcification
o Pannus ingrowth
o Mechanical failure
• Hemolysis |
3 types of tissue which can be used to make bioprosthetic valves: | Dura Mater, Fascia lata, and Bovine pericardium |
5 secondary etiologies for PHTN: | 1. Increased resistance of pulmonary venous drainage
2. Increased resistance to vascular flow
3. Increased resistance to pulmonary artery flow
4. Hypoventilation
5. Miscellaneous: |
7 causes of Cardiac Iatrogenic Injury: | 1. Heart Catheterization
2. Balloon valvuloplasty
3. Pericardiocentesis
4. Cardiac pacemakers
5. Myocardial biopsy
6. Cardiac surgery
7. CPR |
4 Connective Tissue Diseases affecting the heart: | 1. Rheumatoid arthritis
2. Vasculitis (Takayasu’s)
3. Scleroderma
4. Marfan’s syndrome |
4 Non-pharmacologic therapies for systemic hypertension: | 1) Weight loss
2) Exercise
3) Reduction in sodium, cholesterol, alcohol, coffee, & tobacco
4) Stress reduction |
Two life-threatening consequences of Cardiac Trauma: | 1) Excessive hemorrhage or blood loss
2) Cardiac tamponade |
3 iatrogenic injuries from Heart Catheterization: | o Perforated coronary arteries
o Aortic dissections
o Perforation of the cardiac chambers |
4 iatrogenic injuries caused by CPR: | 1) Laceration of the heart
2) Rupture of the heart
3) RV papillary muscle rupture or dysfunction
4) Laceration or rupture of great vessels |
5 iatrogenic injuries resulting from Cardiac surgery: | 1) Pericardial effusion/tamponade (most common)
2) Adhesions
3) Extracardial blood clots
4) Compression of RV
5) Pseudoaneurysm (mostly from prosthetic valve placement) |
7 Signs & Symptoms of PHTN : | 1. Exertional dyspnea
2. Fatigue
3. Dizziness/syncope
4. Chest pain
5. Palpitations
6. Cough/hoarseness
7. Hemoptysis (late in course) |
5 Echo Findings – PHTN: | 1. Dilated pulmonary artery
2. RV dilatation
3. Paradoxical septal motion
4. Septal hypertrophy
5. RVH |
4 effects of PHTN on PV motion: | 1. Decreased/absent “a-dip” on M-mode
2. Mid-systolic closure on M-mode
3. Prolonged RV peak-to-peak ejection time intervals
4. Premature PV opening with increased RV end diastolic pressure |
7 Complications of SYSTEMIC HTN: | 1. Atherosclerotic complications (Angina, MI, acute MI – Most common cause of death for HTN)
2. CHF
3. TIA/CVA
4. Hypertensive renal disease
5. HTN encephalopathy
6. HTN retinopathy
7. AAA/aortic dissection |
8 Signs & Symptoms, Systemic HTN: | 1. Asymptomatic
2. Headaches
3. Dizziness/blurred vision
4. Palpitations
5. Sweats/pallor
6. Anxiety
7. Dyspnea
8. Chest pain |
7 Echo Findings, Systemic HTN: | 1. LVH w nrml systolic function – Classic finding
2. LVPO w/ nrml cavity size
3. Reduced LVF– end stage
4. Increased LVEDP → atrial HTN → ↑ resistance to pulmonary venous drainage
5. Aortic root dilatation
6. LAE d/t MR/MAC
7. PE |
3 Types of Cardiac Trauma: | 1. Non-penetrating/blunt
2. Penetrating
3. Iatrogenic (surgical accident) |
Non-penetrating chest trauma (Blunt Trauma)
Accounts for___% of all traumatic deaths annually in the u.s. | 25% |
6 Echo Findings, Blunt Trauma: | 1. Increased wall thickness at end-diastole (swelling)
2. Regional wall motion abnormalities
3. Increased echogenicity
4. Chamber enlargement
5. Mural thrombus
6. Pericardial effusion |
4 Complications, Blunt Trauma: | 1. Pericardial effusion (most common) usually bloody
2. Cardiac Tamponade quick or late onset
3. Long-term complication → constrictive pericarditis
4. Cardiac contusion (bruised myocardium) |
4 Systemic Diseases affecting the heart: | 1) Diabetes Mellitus
2) Hypothyroidism
3) Hyperthyroidism
4) Parathyroid disease |
4 Pharmacologic therapies for systemic HTN: | 1) Diuretics (1st drug of choice)
2) Beta blockers
3) ACE inhibitors
4) Calcium channel blockers |
3 types of Bioprosthetic valves: | 1) Auto-graft
2) Homograft
3) Heterograft |
3 types of Mechanical valves: | 1) Ball and Cage
2) Tilting Disc
3) Bileaflet Tilting disc. |