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| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| hormones are classified into what 3 general categories | amino acid, proteins, steroids |
| what is the hypothalamus | inferior part of the diencephalon |
| what is the job of the hypothalamus | controls the secretion of the pituitary gland |
| what hormones does it release | oxytocin, and vasopressin |
| what is the pituitary | the master gland which is divided into a larger anterior lobe and smaller posterior lobe also know as the master gland |
| what is the anterior pituitary made of | made mainly of glandular epithelium |
| what is the posterior lobe of pituitary made of | mainly nerve fibers and neuroglial cells |
| what is the pineal | found in the brain near the thalamus between the two cerebral hemispheres it is pine cone shape |
| what is the thyroid | found just below the larynx on either side of the trachea made up of follicles it is simple cuboidal epithelium which the two loves connected by an isthmus |
| what is the parathyroid | they are embedded in the posterior and inferior surface of the thyroid |
| what is the thymus | it is behind the sternum and between the lungs job is to help with immune in children |
| what is pancreas | helps with digestive and endocrine system produces insulin has the pancreatic islets and islet of Langerhans |
| what is adrenal | it is found on top of each kidney divided into a a inner part called the adrenal medulla and outer part called the adrenal cortex which has 3 parts helps with fight or flight response |
| what are ovaries and testes | sex glands |
| growth hormone GH | stimulates cell metabolism and the growth of bones and muscles |
| thyroid stimulating hormones TSH | stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormones T3 thriiodothyronine,T4 thyroxine, calcitonin |
| adrenocorticoid hormone ACTH | stimulates the adrenal cortex to secret its hormone cortisol |
| melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH | causes a skin color |
| follicle stimulating hormone FSH | stimulates the developmental follicles in the ovaries of females and production of sperm cells in males |
| Luteinizing hormone LH | stimulates ambulation and production of progesterone in females production of testosterone in males |
| prolactin | stimulates milk production |
| anti-diuretic hormone ADH | increased water re-absorption |
| oxytocin | causes contraction of uterine nurturing response of mother, |
| melatonin | inhibits the functions of the reproductive system regulates body rhythms with the wake and sleep pattern |
| serotonin | neurotransmitter |
| thyroid stimulating hormones TSH | |
| triiodothyronine T3 | |
| calcitonin | lowers calcium and phosphate in the blood |
| parathyroid PTH | causes bone cells to release calcium and phosphate into the into the blood causes the intestinal cells to absorb calcium from digested food |
| thymosin | causes the production of T lymphocyte white blood cells which protect the body against foreign microbes |
| insulin | causes excess blood glucose to be stored in the liver as animal starch |
| glucagons | stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose |
| adrenalin | epinephrine |
| noradrenaline | nor-epinephrine |
| cortisol | inhibits the inflammatory response |
| ovaries and testes | testosterone estrogen progesterone |
| what happens is pituitary makes to much growth hormones | gigantism and acromegaly |
| what happens is pituitary has to much anti-diuretic hormone | diabetes insipidus |
| what happens when pineal makes to much melatonin | causes to feel tired and depressed |
| what happens if to much thyroid hormone | you get hyperthyroidism |
| to much parathyroid hormone | hyperparathyroidism |
| pancreas problem | high blood sugar |
| when problems with adrenal | cushing syndrome |
| hypo secretion of pituitary growth hormone | dwarfism |
| what problems can occur when melatonin is off | feel tired and depressed |
| thyroid problems | hypothyroid cretinism myxedema |
| what are the characteristic of insulin dependent diabetes | occurs in children auto immune disease destroys beta cells daily insulin injections needed |
| what are the characteristics of non insulin dependent diabetes | occurs in adult beta cells produce insulin but small amounts fat deposits build up in blood vessels |
| what is the function of blood | transport oxygen from lungs carbon dioxide from the cells nutrients hormones and enzymes to cells regulates body temperature water intake and electrolytes |
| what are 3 types of formed elements of blood | erythrocytes leukocytes thrombocytes or platelets |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| granular | neutrophils eosinophils basophils |
| agranular or nongranular | monocytes lymphocytes |
| how does hematopoiesis occur | occurs in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue where all blood cells are produces |
| what does myeloid tissue do | help in production of blood cells |
| what does lymphocytes and monocytes are produced by | spleen and tonsils |
| blood cells develop from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells called | stem cells or hematoblasts |
| 1 step in blood clotting | smooth muscles helps constrict a cut blood vessel |
| 2 step in blood clotting | erupted blood vessels attract thrombocytes to the site of injury |
| 3 step of blood clotting | coagulation occurs which are platelets clump together damaged tissues release thromboplastin cause prothrombin activator which is made in liver |
| 4 step on blood clotting | prothrombin activator is converted into insoluble fibrin |
| 5 step of blood clotting | fibrin forms the threads of the clot which tightening of the clot |
| last step of blood clotting | dissolution of the clot or fibrinolysis occurs |
| what are different blood groups | a-b-ab-o |
| when have A blood you can get whose blood | A and O |
| when you have type B blood who can you receive from | B and O |
| When you have AB blood who can you get blood from | A-B and O |
| When you have type O blood who can you get blood from | O |
| if you have type A whose blood can you not have | A and o |
| What blood can you not have if you are B type | A or AB |
| what type of blood can you not get if you are O | A B or AB |
| what is RH group | 8 antigen and Dis the most important |
| if you have antigen D you are | positive |
| if you do not have antigen D you are | negative |
| what is erythroblastosis fetalis | occurs when mother is RH negative and the baby is RH positive also know as hemolytic disease of the newborn, mothers blood will cross through the placenta and destroy the child's red cells |
| what will happen to baby in erythroblastosis fetalis | baby will become anemic and suffer brain damage or die |
| How can you prevent erythroblastosis fetalis | through a drug called RhoGam in a form of a shot |
| hemophilia | bleeding disorder |
| leukemia | cancer of blood |
| anemia | decrease in amount of oxygen that red blood cells can carry |
| sickle cell anemia | erythrocytes are sickle shaped |
| iron deficiency anemia | decrease in erythrocytes production |
| hemolytic anemia | erythrocytes are destroyed quickly by drug use auto immune disease or snake venom |
| infectious mononucleosis | mono also Epstein Barr virus |
| thalassemia | hemoglobin production decrease death by age 20 or mild anemia mostly affects African and mediterranean and asian |
| septicemia | blood poisoning |
| malaria | causes by mosquito bite |
| name the membranous sac around the heart | pericardial sac |
| what 2 layers make up the pericardial sac | fibrous pericardium outer layer and serous pericardium inner layer |
| what is first layer of heart | epicardium |
| what is second layer of heart | myocardium |
| what is third layer of heart | endocardium |
| which atrium is larger | right |
| what does right atrium do | collects blood from all of body except the lungs |
| ventrical walls are | thick |
| atrium walls are | thin |
| where is pacemaker | right atrium |
| why are ventrical walls thick | because it pumps blood through whole body |
| step one of blood flow of heart | from superior and inferior vena cava blood flows into the right atrium |
| from the right atrium blood goes to | tricuspid valve |
| from tricuspid valve blood flows to | right ventricle |
| when leaving the right ventricle it passes through the | pulmonary semi-lunar valve |
| after passing the pulmonary semi-lunar valve it goes to | pulmonary arteries |
| after blood leaves the pulmonary arteries the blood flows into the | lungs |
| after leaving the lungs blood goes | to the left atrium |
| after going through the left atrium it goes to | bicuspid valve |
| after bicuspid valve it flows to the | left ventricle |
| after left ventricle blood flows to the | semi-lunar valve |
| after blood flow leaves the semi-lunar valve it flows to | aorta |
| after the aorta blood flows to | arteries |
| after arteries blood flow to the | capillaries |
| after capillaries blood flow is passed to | vena cavas |
| what is tricuspid valve | between the right atrium and right ventricle |
| what is pulmonary semi-lunar valve | between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries |
| what is bicuspid valve | between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
| what is aortic semi-lunar valve | between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| what does the chordae tendineae do in relationship to proper valve function | it opens and closes the valve |
| when blood passed through the aorta what kind of blood is it | oxygenated |
| when blood passes through pulmonary artery what kind of blood is it | unoxygenated |
| when blood passes through the right atrium what kind of blood is it | unoxygenated |
| when blood passes through the ventricle what kind of blood is it | unoxygenated |
| when blood passes through the left atrium what kind of blood is it | oxygenated |
| when blood passes through the left ventricle what kind of blood is it | oxygenated |
| when blood goes through the veins what kind of blood is it | unoxygenated |
| when blood passes through the capillaries what kind of blood is it | mix oxygenated and unoxygenated |
| what is a SA node | also know as pacemaker |
| what is a av node | also know as the atrioventricular node |
| what is the atrioventricular bundle | also know as bundle of his |
| how does sa node work and where is it located | it is found in the superior wall of the right atrium has sympathetic impulse |
| how does the atrioventricular node work | depolorarized when sa node stimulated |
| how does atrioventricular bundle of his work | it runs thru the cardic mass to top of interventricular with impulses over medial surface of the ventriculars |
| what is job of purkinjes fibers | to desstrubute the impulses to the myocardium of the ventricla causing actual contraction |
| what is systole | thop number of blood pressure when heart is contracting |
| what is diastole | when the heart is relaxed and the bottom number of the blood pressure |
| cardic cycle takes how long | o.8 seconds |
| what happens in the first o.1 second of the heart cycle | the aria contract and the venticles relax in other wards the atrioventicular valves are open and the semilunar are closed |
| what happens in the second step or the 0.3 seconds of heart cycle | the atria reaxes while the ventricle contract and all valves close |
| in the last 0.4 seconds of the heart cycle what takes place | the semilunar open this is the relaxtion period |
| what are the five systemic systems circulations | coronary circulation hepatic portal circulation pulmonary circulation cerebral circulation fetal circulation |
| what organ does the coronary cirulation deal with | heart |
| what organ does the hepatic circulation deal with | liver and intestines |
| what organ does the pulmonary circulation deal with | the lungs |
| what circulation does the cerebral circulation deal wiht | brain |
| what organ does the fetal circulation deal with | between the baby and mother |
| what are the 3 layers found in blood vessels | tunica intima ,tunica media,tunica adventitia |
| tell me about the tunica intima | it is single layer and has endothelial cells |
| tell me about the tunica media | it is the middle of blood vessel layers and is smooth muscle |
| tell me about the tunica adventitia | it is the outter layer and is fivrous connective tissue |
| tell me about arteries | they are thicker and stronger elasic and contract |
| tell me about arterioles | they are small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries |
| tell me about veins | they are less elastic and smooth muscle have more fibrous connective tissue have internal valves |
| tel me about venules | they are small vessels connect to capillaries to veins |
| tell me about capillaries | they are microscopic vessels single layer endothelial cells connect arteries with venules exchange of gas nutrients and waste between blood and tissue |
| what are various branches of aorta | ascending aorta branches, aortic arch branch, thoracic aorta branches abdominal aorta branches |
| what parts do the ascending aorta branch serve | right and left arteries and heart |
| what parts do the aortic arch branches serve | right carotid and right subclavian and the upper limbs left external carotid skin of neck and head left internal carotid brain left subclavian vertebra artery axillary biracial and radial and ulna |
| what parts does the thoracic aortic branches serve | bronchial lungs, esophageal esophagus, phrenic diaphragm, intercostal thorax |
| what part of body does the abdominal aorta branches serve | stomach, spleen, liver, small intestines, kidneys, sex glands, abdomen, walls of trunk, large intestines, thigh, leg foot, knee |
| what veins drain into the superior vena cava | radial and ulnar cephalic basilica subclavian axillary external jugular vertebral internal jugular brachiocephalic axygos |
| what veins drain into the inferior vena cava | anterior and posterior tibial perennial femoral great saphenous right and left common iliac right and left gonadal right and left renal right and left hepatic |
| rheumatic heart disease | caused by streptococcus bacteria happens mostly in young children also know as rheumatic fever it in inflammation of the endocardium |
| endocarditis | inflammation of endocardium |
| myocarditis | inflammation of the heart |
| pericaeditis | inflammation of pericardial sac |
| atherosclerosis | hardening of heart |
| coronary heart disease | reduced blood to the coronary arteries |
| heart failure | weaken of myocardium |
| what is the function of the lymphatic system | drains interstitial fluid from tissue spaces transports fat from the digestive tract to blood |
| why is the lymphatic system so important | to help us control and destroy a large number of microorganism that can invade our bodies and cause disease or death |
| name the major organs that make the lymphatic system | lymph ,lymph vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen , thymus gland, preyer's patch |
| identify the individual structures | helium, efferent lymphatic vessels, afferent lymphatic vessels, stroma |
| describe helium | slight depression on one side |
| describe efferent lymphatic vessels | leaves |
| describe trabeculae | capsular extensions |
| describe afferent lymphatic vessels | enters |
| describe the stroma | made up of helium and trabeculae |
| what is the purpose of valves in the lymphatic system | to stop back flow to ensure a one way flow |
| what are the different lymph trunks | lumbar trunk intestinal trunk bronchomediastinal trunk intercostal trunk subclavian trunk jugular trunk |
| define immunity | the ability to resist infection from microorganisms resist damage from foreign substances and harmful chemical |
| what are 2 types of immunity | humoral immunity cellular immunity |
| what lymphocytes are associated with them | humoral b cells cellular t cells |
| what are antigens | is a foreign protein that gains access to our bodies |
| what are antibodies | they bind to specific antigens |
| what a 5 types of antibodies that make up the gamma globulin's of plasma proteins | immunoglobulins g IgG, immunoglobulin A IgA immunoglobulin M IgM immunoglobulin D IgD immunoglobulin E IgE |
| where is IgG found | in tissues fluids and plasma |
| where is IgA found | in exocrine gland secretions |
| where is IgM found | found in plasma as response to bacteria in food |
| where is IgD found | found on the surface of B cells |
| Where is IgE found | associates with allergic reaction |
| what is active immunity | occurs when b cells contact antigens and produces antibodies |
| what is passive immunity | occurs naturally when a fetus receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta |
| what are the 7 different types of immune response | B cells plasma cells, helper t, killer t, suppressed T, memory, macrophages |
| what are lymphokines | chemicals released by T cells |
| what are monokies | chemicals produced by macrophages |
| allergies | hypersensitive reaction to allergen |
| lymphoma | tumor of lymphatic tissue |
| lymphadenitis | inflammation of lymph nodes |
| lymphangitis | inflammation of lymph vessels |
| bubonic plague | bite from Asiatic rat flea |
| aids | acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
| five basic activities of the digestive system | ingestion peristalsis digestion absorption and defecation |
| what is the tunic layers composed of the alimentary canal | epithelial, lamina muscularis, mucosa tunica sub-mucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serous, visceral peritoneum |
| what is unique of the tunica layers | |
| structure and function of mouth | taste mechanical breakdown of food using the teeth and chemical digestion of carbohydrates using the salivary enzymes |
| what is the function and structure of the tongue | manipulation of the food taste through some of its papillae and assistance in speech |
| what is the function and structure of the salivary glands | silva lubricates the food begins the digestion of complex carbohydrates and controls certain bacteria |
| what is the function and structure of the teeth | the tooth is composed of the crown the neck or cervix and the root the crown of the tooth is covered with enamel a tooth is made up of dentin the periodontal ligament anchors the tooth into the alveolar socket |
| what is the function and structure of the pharynx | common passageway for food and air it is divided into the nasopharynx and the laryngopharynx |
| what is the function and structure of the esophagus | to secrete mucus and transport food to the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus |
| what is the structure and function of the stomach | to begin the chemical breakdown of proteins through the enzymes pepsin. It also breaks up food mechanically by churning its contents absorbs some water salts alcohols and certain drugs like aspirin cardiac fundus body and pylorus |
| what is the function and structure of the pancreas | dual function its acini produce digestive enzymes that get carried by the pancreatic duct to the duodenum of the small intestine islets of Langerhans secrete hormones insulin and glucagons to control sugar levels |
| what is the function and structure of the liver | produces heparin prothrombin its kupffer cells phagocytes bacteria of worn out blood cells sores excess carbohydrates as glycogen stores copper iron and vit. a, d, e, k, transforms poisons into less harmful substance produces bile salts that breaks fats |
| what is the funtion and structure of the gallbladder | store concentrates bile by liver lobules |
| what is the function and structure of the sm. intestine | completion of absorption of the digested food divided into three portions the duodenum jejunum ileum the ileocecal valve |
| what is the function and structure of the lg. intestine | to re-absorption of water consists of cecum colon rectum and anus |
| what is a hiatal hernia | protrusion Thur diaphragm |
| what causes ulcerations of the stomach or duodenum | gastritis |
| how is feces formed | H2o absorbed from the large intestine |
| what are the 3 kinds of secreting cells of the stomach | the zymogenic chief cells that secrete pepsinogen the parietal cells that secret hydrochloric acids the mucous cells that secrete mucus |
| how many muscle layers composed the soomach and what is the importance of these layers | the oblique innermost circular middle layer ,longitdinal outer most to grow when empty |
| how does the small intestine differ in structure and function from the large intestine | because of the length and what jobs it does |
| what occurs during inspiration and expiration | the exchange of o2 and carbon dioxide |
| identify the various structures and function of the nose | cartilage skin externally mucous membrane nasal bones for breathing and the beginning of filtration it warms and moistened and filterers air |
| identify the various structures and function of the pharynx | passageway for both food and air it forms a resonating chamber for speech divided into the nasopharynx and oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
| identify the various structures of the larynx | thyroid cartilage epiglottis cricoid cartilage paired arytenoids cartilages conciliate cartilages mucous membrane |
| identify the various structures and function of the trachea | it is 4.5 tubular passageway for air is located anterior to the esophagus |
| identify the various structures and function of the bronchi | secondary lobar goes to the lobes tertiary segmental bronchi branch off to bronchiloes which branch to terminal bronchioles |
| what is the pleural membrane | composed of two layers of serous membranes the outer is the parietal pleura and the inner is the visceral pleura between them is a lubricating fluid to prevent friction |
| how does smoking affect the trachea | changes from pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium to a stratified squamous epithelium no cilia the epithelium cannot clear the passageway of mucus and debris |
| what is partial pressure and how is it determined | gas is the amount of pressure that gas contributes to the total pressure and is directly proportional to the concentration of that gas in the mixture |
| what is our atmosphere composed of | 78%nitrogen, 21%oxygen, 160 mm is Hg and carbon dioxide 0.3 is Hg |
| how does our rib cage aid with respiration | it pushes the sternum forward |
| what is surfactant why is it important | material secreted by certain cells it helps reduce surface tension which keeps the alveoli from collapsing or sticking shut as air moves in and out during breathing |
| how does the term bronchial tree get its name | due to all the branching it does |
| what is the role of the urinary system | keeps the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amounts of solutes and water from the blood |
| list the main structures associated with the urinary system | two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra |
| how does the urinary system differ in the male and female | through the urethra in a man it functions as both an organ to eliminate urine from the bladder and as a tube to transfer sperm to the outside |
| list in detail the internal and external anatomy of the kidneys | helium notch which ureter leaves kidney blood vessels nerves lymph vessels enter and exit innermost layer is renal capsule acts as barrier against infection and trauma 2layer adipose protects from blows last layer renal fascia anchors kidney to stomach wa |
| what is a nephron | microscopic renal tubule it is vascular component |
| what volume of blood passes thru the kidneys every minute | 1200 ml |
| what does active transport and osmosis have to do with kidney function | allows the small water molecules to pass through but holds back larger particles. |
| what is the anatomy and function of the ureters | narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. |
| where does peristalsis occur in the urinary stystem | Beneath the mucous membrane lining |
| what is micturition | passage of urine from the bladder outside of the body |
| how does micturition occur | external urinary sphincter surrounding the urethra leaves the bladder relax and urine leave the bladder when bladder reach 200 to 400 ml impulses the lower spinal cord which initiate a conscious desire to urinate |
| what tissue layers make up the ureters and bladder | transnational epithelium second is the connective tissue called the lamina propria. Underneath this layer is a layer of muscle tissue called the muscularis propria. The final layer is another area of connective tissue that is fatty. This layer separates |
| what is the capacity of the bladder | 700 to 800 ml |
| what is the function of the urethra and how does it differ in the male and female | urethra leads to outside for urine differs in man due to size and is dual functioning for sperm and urine |
| what are the primary sex organs of the male reproductive system | testes or male gonads which produce sperm and male sex hormones |
| how is sperm formed | spermatogonia divide by mitosis form primary spermatocytes divide b meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes develop into spermatids which develop in mature sperm cells |
| what structures does a mature sperm cell pass through once it leaves the testicles | convoluted seminiferous tubules of the testis to straight tubules top of lobule network of ducts in the rete testis through coiled efferent ducts. Ductus epididymis on the posterior border of testis epididymis straightens goes to vas deferens to ejack |
| semen consists of what substance | enzymes that activate sperm after ejaculation and antibiotic called seminalplasmin to control bacterial growth in lake and female reproductive tract |
| name the 2 conditions of the prostate gland | enlarged prostate it constricts the urethra making urination difficult prostate cancer third most prevalent cancer in men slow growing not easily detected will result in death if not treated enlargement in glands is first sign |
| explain the functions of testosterone | development growth and maintenance of male sex organs stimulates muscle buildup bone development causes sperm maturation causes enlargement of Adams apple thickening vocal cords produces body hair stimulates aggressive behavior |
| what are the primary sex organs of the female reproductive system | ovaries which produce eggs and the female sex hormones |
| where in the female does fertilization occur | upper two thirds of the uterine tube |
| where does the zygote become implanted | the uterus |
| compare and contrast spermatogenesis vs oogenesis | men make viable sperm their whole life in women it stops at menopause or 50 in women eggs that a women can produce and release is determined at birth in men it begins at puberty |
| what are phases of menstruation | the follicular phase the ovulatory phase and the luteal phase |
| what are the fuctions of estrogen | development of the female secondary sex characteristics development of breasts appearance of pubic and axillary hair fat deposits on the hips breasts and under the skin widening of the pubic bone enlargement of the uterine tubes uterus vagina genitalia |
| know the external genitalia of the female | veneris is adipose two longitudinalflods called labia majora contain sweat glands clitoris labia minora covering called prepuce labia minora called hymen vaginal orifice called urethral orifice |
| know the anatomy and function of the mammary glands | 15 to 20 lobes contains smaller compartments called lobules which contain milk or alveoli which convey milk to secondary tubules ducts let out to ampullae which is storage of milk ampullae continue as lactiferous ducts areola modified sebaceous glands |
| what is the segment of lung tissue that each tertiary or segmental broni supplies called | bronchopulmonary segment |
| bronchopulmonary segment is divided into a number of lobules wrapped in elastic connective tissue what are they | lymphatic an arteriole a venule and bronchioles from a terminal bronchiole |
| terminal bronchiloes subdivide into microscopic respiratory bronchi oles which divide 2 to 11 | alveolar ducts or atria |
| what is around the circumference of the alveolar ducts | alveoli and alveolar sacs |
| what is innermost layer of Bowman's glomerular capsule | visceral layer made of podocytes these epithelial podocytes surround a capillary network called the glomerulus |
| what is int outermost layer of glomerulus capsule called | parietal layer |
| what is renal corpuscle made up of | Bowman's glomerular capsule and the enclosed capillary golmerulus |
| what is visceral layer of Bowman's capsule and the capillary network of the glomerulus form the endothelial capsular membrane which does what | filters water and solutes from the blood and moves it into the renal tubule |
| what is the first part of the renal tubule and where is it located | proximal convoluted tubule which is located in the cortex |
| the proximal convoluted tubule is the | descending limb of Henle which narrows as it dips into the medulla then bends into a U shape called the loop of Henle |
| when the loop of Henle straighten it increases in diameter and ascends toward | cortex as the ascending limb of Henle |
| in the cortex, the renal tubule again becomes | convoluted and is known as the distal convoluted tubule which ends by merging with a large straight collection duct |
| in the medulla collecting ducts connect with | distal tubules of a number of nephrons |
| collecting ducts pass through the renal pyramids and open into the calyxes of the pelvis | larger papillary ducts they empty urine into the renal pelvis |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| cirrhosis | degenerative disease liver which lobes are covered with fibrous connective tissue |
| gallstones | cholesterol secreted by the liver into the liver |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the vermiform appendix |
| crohn's disease | inflammatory bowel disease unknown origin |
| diverticulitis's | pouch like herniation through the muscular layer of the colon |
| colorectal cancer | cancer of the large intestine and rectum second most prevalent cancer in us |
| hemorrhoids | inflammation and enlargement of rectal veins |
| emphysema | destruction of walls of the alveioli no cure alveolar walls are destroyed decreases the amount of gas exchanged alveolar walls lose elasticity which decreases ability of the lungs to recoil and expel air |
| lung cancer | most common cause of cancer deaths in us also know as bronchogenic carcinoma |
| cystic fibrosis | inherited disease affects secretory cells of the lungs mucus becomes thick difficult to breath fatal in childhood |
| pulmonary fibrosis | exposure to asbestos silica coal dust lungs are not elastic breathing becomes very difficult |
| respiratory distress or hyaline membrane disease | premature infants too little surfactant being produced lungs tent to collapse most premature babies die as result of inadequate ventilation and tiring respiratory muscles |
| pneumonia | infection in the lungs |
| whooping cough | infection with the bacterium bordetella pertussis |
| kidney stones | composed of the precipitates of uric acid magnesium or clacium phosphate or calcium oxalate |
| gout | condition caused by high concentration of uric acd in the plasma |
| glomerulonephritis | inflammation of hte kidneys |
| renal failure | condition the interfered with kidney function |
| tricomonas | flagellate protoxoan tht is more commonly found in women it erodes the tissues of the bagina in men it infects the urethra acidity of the vaginal tract can control the organism if it grows it resultsin inflammation of vaginal tissue with yellow green |
| gonorrhea | caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae it invades the epitheelial lining resulting in discharge of pus |
| syphilis | sores develops which disappear secondary stage fever and skin rashes desease enters latent period no symptons tertiary stage many years laer produces neural lesions extensive damage to nervous tissue casing paralysis eventually death |
| genital herpes | infection simplex herpes 11 blisterlike eruptions of the skin |
| genital warts | highly contagious not painful results in painful intercourse can cause bleeding during sex |
| phimosis | condition where the foreskin of the penis fits too tightly over the head of the penis and connot be retracted |
| endometriosis | infalammation of endometrial tissue which grows outside the lining the uterus |
