| Question | Answer |
| Check for ____ with Macroscopic Urinalysis | Color and turbidity |
| Urine dipstick chemical analysis checks... | pH, Specific Gravity
Protein, Glucose
Ketones, Nitrite
Leukocyte Esterase |
| Cells your looking for under microscopic UA | Red blood cells
White blood cells
Epithelial cells |
| Different types of casts | Hyaline cast
Red cell casts
White cell cast
Granular cast
Waxy cast |
| What "extra" things are you looking for with microscopic UA? | Bacteria
Yeast
Crystals |
| Proper method of routine collection of urine specimen | Clean-catch, midstream
After cleansing the urethral meatus |
| Time of day for collection | Early morning before ingestion of any fluid |
| Method for cleaning the urethral meatus | Cotton sponge soaked with benzalonium hydrochloride |
| Collection should be done after how much of the bladder is emptied? | One half |
| Normal pH on dipstick | 6-7.4
Can be 4.5-8 |
| Normal specific gravity on dipstick | 1.002-1.035
<1.007=hydration
>1.035=dehydration |
| + Nitrite on dipstick | Bacteria in significant numbers
G- rods are more likely
E. coli |
| + Leukocyte esterase | Presense of WBCs in the urine |
| Microscopic analysis significance | Appearance of RBCs must be observed as they can get into the urine in other ways |
| Significance of renal tubular epithelial cells and oval fat bodies | Nephritic syndrome increase the number of cells sloughed off
Oval fat bodies occur in lipiduria |
| "Maltese cross" configuration | Oval fat bodies with lipiduria |
| General cast formation | Formed in the DCT by mucoprotein secretion from the tubular cells |
| Hyaline cast | Protein casts with long, thin tails |
| RBC cast | RBC stick together
Indicative of glomerulonephritis |
| WBC cast | typically seen in acute pyelonephritis
Also with glomerulonephritis |
| Granular cast | Cellular case in the nephron that begins to degenerate |
| Waxy (broad) cast | granular cast in the nephron that continues to degenerate |
| Frequency of urine crystals | Oxalate: Common
Triple Phosphate: Common
Cystine: Quite rare |
