Question | Answer |
1. Dull percussion is seen with
2. Hyperresonant percussion is seen with | 1. pleural effusion; lung consolidation; atelectasis
2. pneumothorax; obstructive disorders: asthma, emphysema |
Duration of:
1. vesicular breath sounds
2. bronchial breath sounds | 1. inspiratory longer than expiratory
2. expiratory longer than inspiratory |
Pathogenesis of:
1. Early, inspiratory crackles
2. Late, inspiratory crackles | 1. due to secretions in proximal airways (e.g., chronic bronchitis)
2. due to reopening of distal airways partially occluded by ↑ interstitial pressure (interstitial fibrosis, lobar pneumonia) |
1. Pathogenesis of wheezing
2. What are some causes | 1. partial airway obstruction of small airways
2. inflammation, astham, COPD, bronchitis |
1. Pathogenesis of ronchi
2. What is stridor | 1. obstruction of large airways from secretions
2. a high pitched inspiratory wheeze |
What causes an increase in tactile fremitus | consolidation (lobar pneumonia) |
1. cough with normal x-ray
2. nocturnal cough | 1. postnasal drip
2. GERD, CHF, asthma; lying down causes fluid to distribute |
1. productive cough
2. What is tachypnea. What are some common causes? | 1. chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, typical bacterial pneumonia
2. rapid, shallow, breathing; restrictive lung disease, pulmonary embolism |
Heart sounds:
1. S1
2. S2
3. S3
4. S4 | 1. closure of mitral/tricuspid
2. closure of aortic/pulmonary
3. ventricular gallop - blood entering volume overloaded LV/RV
4. artial gallop - ↑ resistance to filling (decreased compliance) |
When assessing end organ damage in hypertensive patients, which organs would you want to check and which tests would you want to run? | 1. kidneys - creatinine/BUN, CBC to check for anemia if EPO is low from kidney failure
2. liver - Chem 7
3. brain - CT
4. eyes - exam, papilledema
5. heart - CXR |
Systolic/Diastolic
1. Pre-hypertension
2. Stage 1 hypertension
3. Stage 2 hypertension | 1. 120-139/80-89
2. 140-159/90-99
3. >160/>100 |
In evaluatating hypertension what are the first three steps of the diagnostic workupt? | 1. identify risk factors and comorbidities
2. assess identifiable causes
3. assess for end organ damage |
1. Which blood type is given to a patient if the ABO and Rh are unknown?
2. What antibodies are check if an acute intravascular hemolytic transfusion is suspected? | 1. group O, Rh negative
2. anti-C3d |