Question | Answer |
_______ glands are ductless that secrete________ into the _______ | endocrine, hormone, blood |
________ secrete into ducts | exocrine |
nervous system communicates ____ and ___ while endocrine communicated solely __________ | electrical, chemical, chemical |
nervous system responds ________ to stimulus while endocrine responds ________ | quickly, slowly |
nervous system _____ stops when stimulus ceases while endocrine _______ | quickly, continues for a longer time |
whats the master control center of endocrine system | There is none |
the pituitary gland is divided into _____ and _______ | adenohypophysis (anterior) and neurohypophysis (posterior) |
whats the connection between the anterior pit with the hypothalamus? and is there nervous connection | Hypopheseal portal system, no nervous connection |
_________ connects the posterior pit to the hypothalamus | hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract |
Hypothalmic hormones are | releasing, inhibiting, oxytocin and ADH |
Ant pituitary hormone secretes FLAT PIG | FSH,LH,ACTH,TH,Prolactin,Growth Hormone |
FLAT are _______ or _______ hormones | trophic/indirect- stimulate other endoc glands |
PG are ______ hormones that stimulate target organs | direct |
______ stimulate development of egg and follicle + sperm production | FSH |
______ stimulate ovulation, corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone + secrete testosterone | LH |
_____ stimulate secretion of thyroid hormone | TSH |
________ stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids and sex steroids not aldosterone | ACTH |
glucocorticoids promotes _______ and _____ metabolism | gluconeogenesis, protein |
________ stimulates milk synthesis | Prolactin |
_______ promotes mitosis, tissue growth, peaks during deep sleep, promotes protein synthesis, lipid + increase blood gluc | Growth hormone |
Post Pit hormones | Oxytocin and ADH |
________ causes water retention,reduce urine volume, when blood vol decreases | ADH/vasopressin |
___ induce labor contractions, milk let down | Oxytocin |
__________ releases serotonin in the day and melatonin at nights. circadian rhythm | Pineal Gland |
_________ stores mature T-lymphocytes | Thymus gland |
Thyroid release ______ that are iodine activated and increase metabolism and calorigenic effect. | Thyroxine |
Thyroid release _____ decreases blood calcium and increases osteoblast | Calcitonin |
___________ stimulates increases blood calcium stimulates osteoclast. | Parathyroid hormone |
_______ causes active reabsorption Na and passive reabsorption of H2O | Mineralcorticoid/aldosterone |
______ causes adrenal cortex secrete small amts of androgen | sex hormone |
___________ release amino acid compds called catecholamines associated with the sympathetic nervous system | adrenal medulla |
adrenal medulla releases | epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline |
adrenaline-_______ | increases heart rate, pulmonary airflow, circulation to muscles decrease digestion and urine |
________ stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone ___when blood volume falls | angiotesin2 |
______ stimulates glands in the stomach to release HCl | gastrin |
the small intestine secretes ____ when acidic food enters | secretin |
________ released from intestine to stimulate release of bile and pancreatic juices | cholecystokinin |
____ stimulates protein and fat metabolism, gluconeogeneis, in islets of langerhans | Glucagon, alpha cells |
_______ stimulates fat synthesis, glycogen storage, lowers blood gluc | Insulin, beta cells |
underproduction of insulin; hyperglycemia | diabetes mellitus |
steroid hormones derived from _____ and are : | cholesterol, corticosteroid hormones and estrogen, testosterone, progesterone |
_____ are peptide hormones | Oxytocin +ADH |
monamine hormones are | epinephrine, norepineph |
functional unit of nervous system | neurons |
neurons convert stimuli to ________ signals | electrochemical |
neuron is divided into_______ that contains the nucleus, _______ are cytoplasmic extensions, _______ the cellular process that transmits impulses away from cell body | cell body, dendrites, axon |
__________ gaps between myelin | nodes of ranvier |
___________ swellings on axon | synaptic terminals |
resting membrane potential _______ which shows | -70mv, the inside is more negative than the outside |
the cause of the resting potential | 1.neurons sel perm to K + neg charge proteins on the inside and impermeable to Na |
threshold for action potential/depolarization initiation | -50 mV |
what happens during depolarization | action potential initiated Na volt gates open - influx of Na |
what causes repolarization | Efflux of K, returns cell to more neg potential |
____ overshoot of negative potential | hyperpolarization |
How does Na/K pump returns the gradients to resting potential | activelt transport 3 NA out and 2 K in the cell |
_______ prevents the backward travel of action potenial, ensure unidirectional | refractory period |
________ and _______ increase speed of action potential | diameter of axon ; myelin |
Synapse is the gap between ______ and the _____ of another neuron | axon terminals, dendrites |
action potential reaches the nerve terminal it __________ the synaptic vesicles and release _____ in the synapse | depolarize, neurotransmitter |
Anticholinesterase _______, Botulism toxin ______ , Curare_______ | acetylcholine cont to affect post syn memb; prevents release of acetylcholine; blocks post synap receptors |
________ neurons aka sensory neurons | Afferent neurons :environ to brain and spinal cord |
_______ neurons aka motor neurons | Effernt neurons |
CNS consist | Brain and spinal cord |
Peripheral nerv syst is divided into | Somatic and autonomic |
autonomic is divided into | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
Brains outer grey body consists | cell bodies |
Brains inner white matter contains | mylinated axons |
Forebrain contains _______ and _______ | telencephalon: cerebral cortex; diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus |
_______ integrates sensory input and motor responses (olfact) | cerebral cortex |
_______ relay info for spinal cord and cerebral cortex | diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus |
__________ relay for visual and auditory | mid brain |
________ posterior brain | cerebellum , pons, medulla |
_____ allow cortex to communicate with cerebellum | pons |
____ deals with balance, hand eye coordination | cerebellum |
________ controls involuntary processes | medulla |
________ conduit for sensory info to brain and motor info from brain | Spinal cord |
spinal cord has outer ______ and inner ____ | white: axons; grey : cell bodies |
____ responsible for voluntary movements | Somatic nervous system |
Involuntary nervous system | Autonomic Nervous system |
Fight flight response is controlled by | Sympathetic Nervous System |
primary neurotransmitter in sympathetic nervous system | norepinephrine |
_______ conserves energy and restores body to rest | Parasympathetic nervous |
primary neurotransmitter in parasympathetic nerv system | acetylcholine |
react to high illumination and sensitive to color | Cones |
react to lo illumination, important for night vision | RODS |
Fovea is rich in ______ is necessary for high acuity vision | Cones |
tympanic membrane | ear drum |
ossicles | malleus, incus, stapes |
____ amplify sound | ossicles |
_______ vibrate at same freq as incoming sound | ear drum |