Question | Answer |
Nerve cells are AKA? | neurons |
The axon is the portion or a neuron that? | carries impulses from one neuron to the next. |
The axon is surrounded by a protective lipoprotein called? | myelin sheaths |
The myelin sheaths allow nerve impulses to travel at?` | 200 miles/second |
Unmyelinated nerve impulses travel at? | 0.5 meter/second |
a degenerative nerve disease caused by a degradation of the myelin sheaths is called? | multiple sclerosis (MS) |
CNS stands for? | central nervous system |
The CNS is made up of the? | brain and spinal cord. |
The PNS stands for? | peripheral nervous system. |
The PNS is made up of? | all the nerves except the brain and spinal cord. |
The PNS is made up of ? | 1.Sensory neurons AKA afferent neurons. |
The PNS is made up of? | 2.Motor neurons AKA efferent neuron. |
Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit changes in environment to the brain for? | interpretation. |
Changes in the environment are called? | stimuli. |
The Motor (efferent) neurons transmit commands from the brain to the? | muscle to facilitate movement. |
Smooth voluntary muscle movements are greatly influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter? | dopamine |
A disease caused by a deficiency of dopamine is called? | Parkinson's disease (PD) |
The ANS stands for? | autonomic nervous system. |
The ANS is considered? | involuntary (reflex) |
These reflexes include? | Coughing, choking, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting. |
The ANS is subdivided into the? | 1. Sympathetic division AKA "fight or flight reactions." |
The sympathetic division uses a neurotransmitter (chemical) called? | norepinephrine (NE) to transmit impulses. |
The other ANS subdivision is the? | Parasympathetic division |
The parasympathetic division uses a neurotransmitter called? | acetycholine (Ach)to transmit impulses. |
The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations ("rest and digest") that includes? | Digestive processes |
Another parasympathetic division operating during normal non-stressful situations ("rest and digest") include? | Reproductive processes |
Another parasympathetic division operating during normal non-stressful situations ("rest and digest") include? | Eupnea (normal breathing) |
Another parasympathetic division operating during normal non-stressful situations ("rest and digest") include? | Normal heart rate (HR) |
Changes that occur during the sympathetic ("fight or flight") response are? | Tachycardia (fast heart rate) |
Changes that occur during the sympathetic ("fight or flight") response are? | Tachypnea (rapid breathing) |
Changes that occur during the sympathetic ("fight or flight") response are? | Bronchodilation |
Changes that occur during the sympathetic ("fight or flight") response are? | Pupillary dilation |
Changes that occur during the sympathetic ("fight or flight") response are? | Pallor due to- shunting of blood from the periphery to the large muscles of the arms and legs, brain, heart, and lungs. |
The largest part of the brain is called the? | cerebrum |
The outer portion of the cerebrum is called the? | cerebral cortex. |
The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves called? | hemispheres |
These hemispheres are connected and communicate by the? | corpus callosum. |
Sections of the brain are called? | lobes |
The frontal lobe controls? | 1. Voluntary muscle functions |
The frontal lobe controls? | 2. Moods |
The frontal lobe controls? | 3. Aggression |
The frontal lobe controls? | 4. Smell reception (olfactory) |
The frontal lobe controls? | 5. Motivation |
The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as? | 1. Touch |
The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as? | 2. Pain |
The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as? | 3. Balance |
The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as? | 4. Taste |
The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as? | 5. Temperature. |
The temporal lobes evaluate? | 1. Hearing input. |
The temporal lobes evaluate? | 2. Smell |
The temporal lobes evaluate? | 3. Memory |
The temporal lobes evaluate? | 4. Judgement |
The occipital lobe functions in receiving and interpreting? | visual input. |
Depression, migraines, anxiety, appetite, sexuality, and bipolar disorder are influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter? | serotonin |
The second largest portion of the brain is called the? | cerebellum |
The cerebellum is located at the? | posterior back of the brain. |
The cerebellum functions as a reflex center for? | coordination and balance. |
The brain stem consists of the? | 1. Medulla oblongata |
The brain stem consists of the? | 2. Pons Varolii |
The brain stem consists of the? | 3. Midbrain |
The medulla and pons are responsible for controlling? | 1.Consciousness and arousal |
The medulla and pons are responsible for controlling? | 2. Regulation of diameter of blood vessels (BP) |
The medulla and pons are responsible for controlling? | 3. Heart rate (HR) |
The medulla and pons are responsible for controlling? | 4. Ventilation (breathing) |
The midbrain acts as the connection between the? | cerebrum and the spinal cord. |
The thalamus is the? | principal relay station of sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex. |
The hypothalamus controls? | 1. The pituitary gland |
The hypothalamus controls? | 2. Feelings of rage and aggression |
The hypothalamus controls? | 3. Body temperature |
The hypothalamus controls? | 4. Thirst |
The hypothalamus controls? | 5. Sleep |
The hypothalamus controls? | 6. Food intake (satiation) |
The spinal cord begins as the continuation of the? | medulla oblongata. |
The length of the spinal cord is approximately? | 16 to 18 inches. |
The function of the spinal cord is to? | 1. Convey sensory impulses from the periphery to the brain. |
The function of the spinal cord is to? | 2. Conduct motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. |
Branching off the spinal cord are the? | 31 paired spinal nerves. |
Most spinal nerves exit the vertebral column between the? | adjacent vertebrae. |
Spinal nerves consist of? | 8 cervical pairs |
Spinal nerves consist of? | 12 thoracic pairs |
Spinal nerves consist of? | 5 lumbar pairs |
Spinal nerves consist of? | 5 sacral pairs |
Spinal nerves consist of? | 1 coccygeal pair. |
The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by protective membranes called? | meninges |
The outer most meninx is called the? | dura mater (tough mother) |
The middle meninx is called the? | arachnoid membrane (spider layer) |
The innermost meninx is called the? | pia mater (delicate mother) |
Between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane is the? | subdural space |
The subdural space contains? | serous fluid |
Between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater is the? | arachnoid space |
The subarachnoid space contains? | CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). |
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) circulates around the brain and spinal cord through cavities called? | ventricles. |
The CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) serves as a? | shock absorber and circulates nutrients. |
The white (opaque) portion of the eye is called the? | sclera |
The transparent anterior portion of a sclera is called the? | cornea |
The colored portion of the eye is called the? | iris |
The highly vascular layer of the eye is called the? | choroid |
The os in the center of the iris is called a? | pupil |
A pupil that decreases in size is called? | pupillary constriction |
A pupil that increases in size is called? | pupillary dilation. |
The crystalline structure located posterior to the pupil that focuses (accommodates) light on the retina is called the? | crystalline lens |
The retina is the portion of the eye that? | perceives light |
The retina is made up of the visual receptor cells called? | rods and cones |
The retina is an extension of the? | optic nerve |
The optic nerve transmits visual impulses to the? | thalamus |
The thalamus relays these impulses to the? | occipital lobe for interpretation. |
The anterior compartment of the eye is filled with liquid called the? | aqueous humor |
The posterior compartment of the eye is filled with liquid called the? | vitreous humor |
The external cartilagenous flap of an ear is called a? | pinna AKA the auricle |
The tube leading from the pinna (auricle) to the tympanic membrane is called the? | external auditory canal. |
The tympanic membrane is AKA? | eardrum |
The external auditory canal is lined with modified sebaceous glands that produce? | cerumen AKA "earwax" |
The middle ear is made up of three auditory ossicles (bones) called the? | 1. Malleus (hammer) |
The middle ear is made up of three auditory ossicles (bones) called the? | 2. Incus (anvil) |
The middle ear is made up of three auditory ossicles (bones) called the? | 3. Stapes (stirrup) |
The tubes that connect the middle ear to the pharynx for pressure equalization are called the? | Eustachian tubes. |
The structure is the inner ear that is responsible for perceiving sound vibrations and conducting these vibrations to the auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve is called the? | cochlea. |
The connection between the stapes and the cochlea is called the? | oval window |
The structure is the inner ear which aids in balance (equilibrium) is called the? | labyrinth |
The labyrinth is made up of the? | vestibule and semicircular canals. |