Question | Answer |
S phase | replicate genome (create chromatids) |
G1 & G2 phase | gap - In G2 the cell prepares to divide. During G1, we see the production of mitochondria, ribosomes, and much protein synthesis. |
Mitosis | 2N=>2N, occurs in all dividing cells; 10% of cell cycle- interphase, prophase,metaphase anaphase, telophase |
Interphase | replication of genetic material resulting in sister chromatids |
Prophase | chromosomes condense; spindles form |
Metaphase | chromosomes align at plate |
Anaphase | sister chromatids separate; shortest phase |
Telophase | new nuclear membranes form (cleavage furrow forms); spindles disappear |
sequence of complete cell cycle | S, G2, P, M, A, T, G1 |
Mitosis in Plants | lack centrioles and divide by cell plate not cleavage furrow |
Meiosis | occurs in sex cells, homologous chromosomes pair at meta plate (tetrads), crossing over can occur, 2N=>N |
First Meiotic Division | produces 2 daughter cells w/ N chromosomes w/ sister chrom |
Prophase I | chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material (crossing over) |
Metaphase I | tetrads align at plate (synapsis); each pair attaches to a separate spindle |
Anaphase I | homologous pairs pulled to opposite poles (disjunction) / distribution to the two daughter cells is random w/ respect to parental origin |
Telophase I | – nuclear membrane forms around each nucleus |
number of functional gametes in females | Note that only one becomes functional gamete in females |
chiasmata | X-shaped region b/w diff. chromatids of homologous chromosomes |
kinetichore | specialized group of proteins and DNA on a chromatid to which several spindle microtubles are attached; found within the centromere of each chromosome |
Synapsis | pairing of homologous of chromosomes during meiosis I |
inversion | chromosomal segment turned 180o |
Translocation | 2 nonhomologous chromosomes interchange genes (attachment of all or part of one chromosome to another) |
exception to the universality of the genetic code | Mitochondria |
Nondisjunction | failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during Meiosis I or sister chromatids to separate during Meiosis II; result in trisomy or monosomy; ex Down syndrome |
Turner syndrome | sterile female lacking X chromosome |
Klinefelter Syndrome | 44 autosomes + XXY |
Asexual Reproduction | production of offspring w/o fertilization |
Binary Fission | prokaryotes; DNA replicates, wall grows inward along midwall; ex paramecia, amoebae, algae, bacteria |
Budding | develops as outgrowth, forms smaller cell; ex hydra & yeast |
Regeneration | regrowth of lost body part; ex starfish and hydra |
Parthenogenesis | unfertilized egg to adult egg; ex bees and ants |
Gonads | male = testes, female = ovaries |
Leydig cells | in the testes, secrete testosterone |
Spermatogenesis | sperm production in seminiferous tubules; head = nucleus & tail = flagellum |
acrosome | membrane-bound structure at the anterior end of sperm cells; containshyaluronidase (hydrolytic enzyme that causes the breakdown of protective surfaces of the egg) |
prostatic fluid | helps neutralize the acidic vaginal secretions to enhance sperms’ ability to swim; also neutralizes seminal fluid (too acidic from metabolic waste of sperm) |
Oogenesis | oocytes produced in ovaries |
capacitation | functional maturation of the spermatozoa while in the female, allows for egg penetration |
Male Reproductive path of sperm | SEVEnUP (seminiferous tub, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis) |
Female Reproductive anatomy | fallopian tube opens to uterus (narrow end called cervix), cervix connects with vaginal canal |
The Menstrual Cycle phases | divided into follicular, ovulation, luteal, menstruation |
Follicular phase | FSH promotes development of follicle which secretes estrogen
Ovulation |
Luteal phase | LH induces follicle to develop into corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone (LH and FSH inhibited) |
Menstruation | If fertilized placenta produces (Human chorionic gonadotropin) hCG (estrogen + proges levels remain high) // If NOT fertilized, corpus luteum atrophies tocorpus albicans (drop in estrogen + prog) and menstrual flow begins
Estrogen – thicken endometrium |
Progesterone | development and maintenance of endometrial wall |
Gametophyte generation | haploid & produce haploid gametes thru mitosis; sexually reproduce; ex mosses |
Sporophyte generation | diploid but produces haploid spore by meiosis; ex ferns and angiosperms |
Angiosperms | flowering plants; flower is reproductive structure |
Stamen | male organ; composed of stalk-like filament & sac-like anther (produces haploid spores that develop into pollen) |
Pistil | female organ; composed of stigma (catches pollen), style, and ovary |
Sepals | green leaves cover and protect flower bud during early development |
Fertilization in plants | 1 sperm nucleus + 1 egg nucleus => zygote => embryo 1 sperm nucleus + 2 polar nuclei => 3n endosperm |
Epicotyl | precursor of leaves |
Cotyledons | seed leaves |
Hypocotyl | develops into lower stem and root |
Endosperm | feeds embryo |
Seed Coat | develops from outer covering of ovule |