Question | Answer |
Hematopoiesis | formation of blood |
Ligaments | Fibrous bands of tissue that attach bone to bone |
Tendons | Bands of tissue that attach muscle to bone |
Fascia | Tough fibrous covering of the muscles |
Cartilage | Covers the ends of many bones and serves a protective function |
Rheumatology | Disorders of connective tissue |
Axial Skeleton | Skull, rib cage and spine |
Appendicular Skeleton | Shoulder bones, collar bones, pelvic bones, legs and arms |
Shapes:
Long bones | Humerus (upper arm), femur (thigh bone) |
Shapes:
Short bones | Carpal (wrist bone), tarsal (ankle bone) |
Shapes:
Flat bones | Sternum (breastbone), scapula (shoulder blade) |
Shapes:
Irregular bones | Vertebra (back bone), stapes (bone of the middle ear) |
Shapes:
Sesamoid bones | Patella (knee cap) |
Osteocytes | Mature bone cells |
Matrix | Material between the cells |
Osteoblasts | Build bone |
Osteoclasts | Break down bone cells to transform them as needed |
Compact bone | Hard bone |
Cancellous | Spongy bone |
Medullary cavity | Bone marrow (myel/o) |
Long bones:
Diaphysis | Long shaft of bone |
Long bones:
Epiphysis | End of bone |
Long bones:
Epiphyseal | Bone growth area |
Long bones:
Metaphysis | Epiphysis and epiphyseal plates together |
Bone Depressions:
Fissure | (fissur/o)
fairly deep cleft or groove |
Bone Depressions:
Foramen | (pl. foramina) (foramin/o)
an opening or hole |
Bone Depressions:
Fossa | (pl. fossae) (foss/o)
a hollow or depression, especially on the surface of the end of a bone |
Bone Depressions:
Sinus | (pl. sinuses) (sinus/o, sin/o)
cavity or channel lined with a membrane |
Bone Depressions:
Sulcus | (pl. sulci) (sulc/o)
groove or depression in an anatomic structure, not as deep as a fissure |
Bone Processes:
Condyle | (condyl/o)
rounded projection at the end of a bone that anchors ligaments and articulates with adjacent bones |
Bone Processes:
Crest | Narrow elongated elevation |
Bone Processes:
Epicondyle | (epicondyl/o)
projection on the surface of the bone above the condyle |
Bone Processes:
Head | rounded, usually proximal portion of some long bones |
Bone Processes:
Spine | (spin/o)
thornlike projection |
Bone Processes:
Trochanter | (trochanter/o)
one or two bony projections on the proximal ends of the femurs that serve as points of attachment for muscles |
Bone Processes:
Tubercle | (tubercul/o)
nodule or small raised area |
Bone Processes:
Tuberosity | elevation or protuberance larger than a tubercle |
Cranium (crani/o) made up of... | Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone |
Facial bones (skull) made up of... | Zygoma (zygom/o, zygomat/o)
cheekbone
Lacrimal bones (lacrim/o) corner of eye; cradle tear ducts
Maxilla (maxill/o) upper jaw bone
Mandible (mandibul/o) lower jaw bone
Vomer (vomer/o)
Palatine bones (palat/o)
Inferior nasal conchae |
How many pairs of ribs (cost/o) | 12 |
True ribs... | 1st seven pairs
attached directly to the breastbone (sternum) in the front of the body |
False ribs... | next five pairs |
Floating ribs... | not attached in the front |
Rib cage:
Sternum | (stern/o)
AKA: breastbone
Xiphoid process: inferior point |
______ bones = vertebra | 26 |
Vertebrae made up of... | Spinous process (spin/o)
Laminar (lamin/o) process
Vertebral body
Transverse process |
Sections of spine... | Cervical (cervic/o) C1-C7 neck bones
Thoracic (thorac/o) T1-T12 upper back
Lumbar (lumb/o) L1-L5 lower back
Sacral (sacr/o) 5 bones fused
Coccygeal (coccyg/o) tailbone |
Upper Appendicular Bones:
Scapula | (scapul/o)
Acromion process
Forms highest point on the shoulder |
Upper Appendicular Bones:
Clavicle | (clavicul/o, cleid/o)
Collarbone |
Upper Appendicular Bones:
Humerus | humer/o |
Upper Appendicular Bones:
Radius & ulna | (radi/o, uln/o)
Olecranon (olecran/o) elbow |
Upper Appendicular Bones:
Carpals | (carp/o)
8 wrist bones |
Upper Appendicular Bones:
Metacarpals | metacarp/o |
Upper Appendicular Bones:
Phalanges | phalang/o |
Lower Appendicular Skeleton:
Pelvis | (pelv/i, pelv/o)
Ilium (ili/o) superior and widest bone of pelvis
Ischium (ischi/o) lower portion of pelvic bone
Pubis
(pub/o) lower anterior part of pelvic bone |
Lower Appendicular Skeleton:
Leg | Femur (femor/o): thigh bone
Patella (patell/o,a): knee cap
Tibia (tibi/o): shin bone
Fibula (fibul/o, perone/o)
malleolus: process on distal ends of tibia and fibula |
Lower Appendicular Skeleton:
Foot | Tarsal (tars/o)
Metatarsal (metatars/o)
calcaneous: heel bone
Phalan |
ROM | Range of Motion |
ROM
Synarthoses | Immovable joint |
ROM
Amphiarthroses | Slightly movable joint |
ROM
Diarthroses (synovial) | Free movement
-ball and socket joint (hip)
-hinge joint (knee)
Bursa (sacs of fluid)
Meniscus (crescent shaped cartilage in the knee joint-cushion joint) |
Muscles | (my/o, myos/o, muscul/o): tissue composed of cells with ability to contract and relax |
Skeletal muscles | striated and allows the skeleton to move voluntarily |
Smooth muscles | responsible for involuntary movement of the organs |
Heart muscles | pumps blood to the circulatory system |
Tendons | (tend/o, tendin/o, ten/o)
Attach muscles to bones |
Origin | attachment nearest to the trunk |
Insertion | attachment farthest from trunk |
Action | function of the muscle |
Extension | process of stretching out; increasing the angle of a joint |
Flexion | process of decreasing the angle of a joint |
Adduction | process of carrying toward the midline (ADD=toward) |
Abduction | carrying away from the midline |
Supination | turning the palm or MEDIAL side of foot UPWARD |
Pronation | turning the palm or LATERAL side of foot DOWNWARD |
Dorsiflexion | upward |
Plantar flexion | downward (ballet movement) |
Eversion | process of turning OUT |
Inversion | process of turning in |
Protraction | moving leg foward |
Retraction | moving leg backward |
Rotation | process of a bone turning on its axis (like a wheel) |
Circumduction | process of carrying around; the circular movement of the distal end of a limb around its point of attachment |
Combining Form:
Phosphorus | phosph/o |
Combining Form:
Calcium | calc/o |
Combining Form:
Antrum | antr/o |
Combining Form:
Nose | nas/o; rhin/o |
Combining Form:
Sinus | sin/o; sinus/o |
Combining Form:
Chest | pector/o |
Prefix:
Meta- | change, beyond |
Prefix:
Peri | surrounding (periosteum) |
Congenital Conditions:
Achondroplasia | disorder of the development of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skull resulting in dwarfism |
Congenital Conditions: (key term)
Muscular dystrophy | group of disorders characterized as an inherited progressive atrophy of skeletal muscle without neural involvement |
Congenital Conditions:
Polydactyl | many digits |
Congenital Conditions:
Syndactyl | joining of digits (web like) |
Congenital Conditions:
Spina bifida occulta | malformation of spinal canal |
Congenital Conditions:
Talipes | clubfoot |
Congenital Conditions:
Torticollis | wryneck |
Bone Disease:
Osteodynia | bone pain |
Bone Disease:
Osteitis deformans | Paget's Disease |
Bone Disease: (key term)
Osteomalacia | softening of the bone
Rickets |
Bone Disease: (key term)
Osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
Bone Disease: (key term)
Osteoporosis | loss of bone mass, which results in the bones being fragile and at risk of fracture
Osteopenia |
Chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
Costochondritis | inflammation of the cartilage of the ribs |
Joint Disease:
Bursitis | inflammation of the Bursa (sac of fluid that cushion a joint) |
Arthrosis | An arthrosis is a joint, an area where two bones are attached for the purpose of motion of body parts. An arthrosis (joint) is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage |
Baker cyst | also known as a popliteal cyst, is a benign swelling of the semimembranous or more rarely some other synovial bursa found behind the knee joint |
Crepitus | characterized by a peculiar crackling, crinkly, or grating feeling or sound under the skin, around the lungs, or in the joints. |
Osteophytosis | the occurrence of osteophytes. Can occur because of degenerative disease. |
Tendinitis | inflammation, swelling, and irritation of a tendon. Tendonitis is a painful condition that is felt most at the tendon insertion site |
Joint Disease:
Bunion | fairly common, painful enlargement and inflammation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (big toe) |
Joint Disease: (key term)
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | compression injury of the mediannerve
surgery=CTR (carpal tunnel release) |
Joint Disease:
Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) | gnathalgia |
Joint Disease: (key term)
Osteoarthritis (OA) | degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
Rheumatiod arthritis (RA) (key term) | inflammatory joint disease believed to be autoimmune in nature |
Dorsalgia | back pain (spinal disorder) |
Lumbago (key term) | disease of the lumbar (spinal disorder) |
Scoliosis (key term) | lateral "S" curve of spine |
Lordosis | "swayback'
exaggerated anterior curve of the lumbar vertebrae (lower back) |
Kyphosis | "hunchback"
extreme posterior curvature of the thoracic area of the spine |
Spinal Disorders:
Ankylosing spondylitis | chronic inflammatory disease of idiopathic origin, which causes a fusion of the spine |
Spinal Disorders: (key term)
Herniated intervertebral disk | protrusion of central part of the disk that lies between the vertebrae, resulting in compression of the nerve root and pain |
Spinal Disorders:
Spondylolisthesis | condition resulting from the partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it |
Spinal Disorders: (key term)
Spinal stenosis | abnormal condition of narrowing of the spinal canal with attendant pain, sometimes caused by osteoarthritis or spondylolithesis |
Spinal Disorders:
Spindylosis | stiffening of the vertebral joints |
Spinal Disorders:
Sciatica | inflammation of the sciatic nerve; pain, tenderness along course of nerve through thigh and leg; may result in atrophy of lower leg muscles |
Muscle Disorders:
Contracture | chronic fixation of a joint inflexion caused by atrophy and shortening of muscle fibers after a long period of disuse |
Muscle Disorders:
Fibromyalgia | disorder characterized by musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, muscle stiffness and spasms, and sleep distrubances |
Muscle Disorders:
Myasthenia gravis | usually severe condition characterized by fatigue and a progressive muscle weakness, especially of face and throat |
Muscle Disorders:
Plantar fasciitis | a painful inflammatory process of the plantar fascia |
Muscle Disorders:
Polymyositis | means 'many muscle inflammation' |
Muscle Disorders:
Postlaminectomy syndrome | after the removal of a piece of bone in the spine; group of symptoms occur together it's called syndrome |
Muscle Disorders:
Rhabdomyolysis | the breakdown of muscle fibers resulting in the release of muscle fiber contents (myoglobin) into the bloodstream |
Trauma:
Closed fracture | simple fracture does not rupture the skin |
Trauma:
Open fracture | compound fracture splits open the skin |
Trauma: (key term)
Pathologic fracture | any fracture occurring spontaneously as a result of disease |
Trauma:
Comminuted fracture | the bone is crushed and/or shattered into many pieces |
Trauma:
Compression fracture | the fractured area of bone collapses on itself |
Trauma:
Colles fracture | this break of the distal end of the radius at the epiphysis often occurs when the patient has attempted to break his fall |
Trauma:
Complicated fracture | the bone is broken and pierces an internal organ |
Trauma:
Impacted fracture | the bone is broken and the ends are driven into each other |
Trauma:
Hairline fracture | minor fracture appears as a thin line on x-ray may not extend completely through the bone |
Trauma:
Greenstick fracture | the bone is partially bent and partially broken; common in children because their bones are still soft |
Trauma:
Salter-Harris fracture | fracture of the epiphyseal plate in children |
Trauma: (key term)
Sprain | traumatic injury to ligaments of a joint, including tearing of a ligament |
Trauma: (key term)
Strain | overstretching of muscle or a tendon |
Trauma:
Dislocation | bone completely out of place |
Trauma: (key term)
Subluxation | bone partially out of the joint |
Trauma:
Compartment syndrome | -STAT surgical procedure
-Result of swelling within the fascia
-May lead to nerve and muscle damage |
Benign Neoplasms:
Exostosis | abnormal condition of bony growth |
Benign Neoplasms:
Osteoma | benign bone tumor, usually of compact bone |
Benign Neoplasms:
Chondroma | tumor of the cartilage, usually in children or adolescents |
Benign Neoplasms:
Leiomyoma | benign tumor of smooth muscle; most common is the uterus termed a fibroid |
Benign Neoplasms:
Rhabdomyoma | benign tumor of striated/voluntary skeletal muscle |
Malignant Neoplasms:
Osteosarcoma | -Ewing sarcoma
-malignant tumor of the bone |
Malignant Neoplasms:
Chondrosarcoma | malignant tumor of the cartilage |
Malignant Neoplasms:
Leiomyosarcoma | malignant tumor of smooth muscle |
Malignant Neoplasms:
Rhabdomyosarcoma | highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle |
Imaging:
Arthography | X-ray recording of a joint |
Imaging: (key term)
Arthoscopy | visual examination of a joint accomplished by use of an arthroscope |
Imaging:
Computed tomography (CT) | imaging technology that records transverse planes of the body for diagnostic purposes |
Imaging: (key term)
Electromyography | procedure that records the electrical activity of muscles |
Imaging:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | procedure that uses magnetic properties to record detailed information about internal structures |
Imaging:
Myelogram | X-ray of spinal canal done after injection of contract medium |
Imaging:
X-ray (radiograph) | imaging technique using electromagnetic radiation for recording internal structures |
Setting fractures:
Malunion | bone does not mend and realign correctly |
Setting fractures:
Nonunion | no healing takes place |
Setting fractures:
Sequestrum | dead tissue |
Setting fractures:
Debridement | removal of debris |
Setting fractures:
Internal fixation (ORIF) | incision made (use plates, screws,etc) |
Setting fractures:
External fixation (CRIF) | no incision made (devices external to the body that offer traction) |
Setting fractures:
Open reduction (ORIF) | involves the implementation of implants to guide the healing process of a bone, as well as the open reduction, or setting, of the bone itself |
Setting fractures:
Closed reduction (CRIF) | Reduction of a fractured bone by manipulation without incision into the skin |
Therapeutic interventions:
Amputation | AKA-above knee amputation
BKA-below knee amputation |
Therapeutic interventions: (key term)
Prosthesis | artificial body part that is constructed to replace missing limbs, eyes, and other body parts |
Therapeutic interventions:
Bunionectomy | removal of a bunion |
Therapeutic interventions:
Osteoclasis | (clasis:intentional break)
refracture of a bone, usually done if a bone has malunion |
Therapeutic interventions:
Osteoplasty | surgical repair of a bone |
Therapeutic interventions:
Traction | process of pulling a body part into correct alignment, as to correct a dislocation |
Therapeutic interventions:
Kyphoplasty | -minimally invasive surgical procedure
-address pain of fractured vertebrae
-balloon inflated in area of fracture
-cement-like substance injected
-pain relief immediate |
Therapeutic interventions:
Laminectomy | removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae to relive compression of the spinal cord |
Therapeutic interventions: (key term)
Arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid |
Therapeutic interventions:
Arthrodesis | surgical binding or stabilization of a joint |
Therapeutic interventions: (key term)
Arthroplasty | surgical repair of a joint |
Therapeutic interventions:
Meniscectomy | removal of meniscus |
Therapeutic interventions:
THR | total hip replacement |
Therapeutic interventions:
TKR | total knee replacement |
Pharmacology:
Analgesics | reduce pain |
Pharmacology:
Antiinflammatories | reduce inflammation |
Pharmacology:
Antirheumatics | manage symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis |
Pharmacology:
Bisphosphonates | affect bone formation to treat diseases such as osteoporosis |
Pharmacology:
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
(DMARDS) | slow progression of rheumatoid arthritis |
Pharmacology:
Muscle relaxants | relieve pain caused by muscle spasms by relaxing skeletal muscles |
Prefix:
Dia- | through;complete |
Prefix:
Endo-, End- | inner;within |
Prefix:
Epi- | above; on top |
Prefix:
Inter- | between |
Prefix:
Peri- | around;surrounding |
Prefix:
Syn- | together;with |
Suffixes:
-centesis | removal of fluid |
Suffixes:
-desis | binding |
Suffixes:
-graphy | process of recording |
Suffixes:
-listhesis | slipping |
Suffixes:
-malacia | softening |
Suffixes:
-physis | growth |
Suffixes:
-plasia | development;formation |
Suffixes:
-plasty | surgical repair |
Suffixes:
-trophy | development |
Combining Form:
arthr/o | joint |
Combining Form:
articul/o | joint |
Combining Form:
burs/o | bursa |
Combining Form:
chondr/o | cartilage |
Combining Form:
ligament/o | ligament |
Combining Form:
my/o | muscle |
Combining Form:
myel/o | bone marrow;spinal cord |
Combining Form:
oste/o | bone |
Combining Form:
spondyl/o | vertebra |
Combining Form:
tendin/o | tendon |
Suffixes:
-blast | embryonic |
Suffixes:
-clast | breaking down |
Suffixes:
-cyte | cell |
Suffixes:
-poiesis | formation |
Suffixes:
-osis | condition |
Suffixes:
-sthenia | condition of strength |
gravis | severe |