| Question | Answer |
| Primary organ used to metabolize medications? | Liver |
| Primary organ used to eliminate medications from the body? | Kidney |
| Where does an adrenergic medication work? | It works on nerve fibers that are stimulated by norepinephrine (NE) or epinephrine-Nerves of the Sympathetic Branch of the CNS. |
| Where does a cholinergic medication work? | It works on nerve fibers that are stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh)-Nerves of the parasympathetic Branch of the CNS. |
| How does a Sympathomimetic medication work? | It enhances the adrenergic response of the sypathetic nerves. |
| How does a Parasympatholytic medication work? | It blocks the cholinergic response of the parasympathetic nerves. |
| What is an Orphan drug? | A drug that is developed for a rare disease that may not recover the cost of development. |
| What are the three phases of drug action? | Pharmaceutical-Dosage/Administration
Pharmacokinetic-Absorption/Metabolism/Elimination
Pharmacodynamic-Targets site/Effects |
| What are the advantages of the inhalation route of drug administration? | -Smaller doses
-Fewer/less severe side effects
-Rapid onset
-Targeted to the respiratory sys.
-Painless
-Safer
-Convenient |
| What is the Therapeutic Index? | The difference between therapeutic and toxic concentrations of a drug. |
| What is the difference between Affinity and Efficacy? | Affinity is attraction.
Efficacy is the ability to produce a desired effect. |
| What is Tachyphylaxis? | Diminishing responsiveness to a drug after routine usage. |
| What is a Corticosteroid? | It is an anti-inflammatory drug which inhibits the activity and number of inflammitory cells. Commonly used for asthma, COPD and rhinitis. |
| What are the three categories of Nonsteroidal Anti-Asthma Agents? | 1)Mediator Agonists-Blocks histamine/prophylactic
2)Anti-Leukotrienes-Inhibits leukotrine formation/prophylatic
3)Monoclonal Antibodies-Decreases mediators in allergic response |
| What is a Xanthine? | Promotes bronchodilation by inhibiting the breakdown of Beta 2 agonists-allows the drug to work longer. Also increases ventilatory drive and expiratory flow rates-reduces air trapping. |
| What is the result of stimulating alpha receptor sites? | Vasoconstriction & Increased B/P |
| What is the result of stimulating Beta-1 receptor sites? | Increased HR & Increased force of cardiac contractions |
| What is the result of stimulating Beta-2 receptor sites? | Bronchodilation |
| What three physiological changes occur in the lungs as a result of histamine release? | Secretions
Edema
Bronchoconstriction |
| Name the three bronchodilators recommended for continuous nebulization? | Albuterol
Levalbuterol (XopenX)
Terbutaline |
| what is meant by parenteral administration? | Given intravenously (IV) |
| What are the possible adverse effects of sympathomimetic bronchodilators? | -Tremors
-Palpitations
-Tachycardia
-Headache
-Hypertension
-Nervousness
-Dizziness
-Nausea
-Vomiting
Worsening V/Q Mismatch |
| What is the keyhole theory? | Bronchodilators begin with a catecholamine nucleus and as they progressed the amine side got longer making it look like a key. |
| What is the difference between "Cidal" & "Static" antimicrobial agents? | Cidal-Kills the pathogen
Static-Inhibits growth/spread of pathogen |
| What are common adverse side effect of corticosteroids? | -Oral thrush (candida)
-Hoarseness
-Bronchoconstriction
-Cough |
| Mucolytics should be accompanied by what companion drug? | Bronchodilator |
| What are common side effects of of mucolytics? | -Bronchospasm
-Rhinorrhea
-Airway obstruction |
| What are the clinical uses of Xanthines? | -COPD
-Asthma
-Neonatal apnea |
| What are some of the possible side effects for Xanthines? | -Tremors
-Tachypnea
-SVT
-Hypotension
-Diuresis |
| What are some of the possible complications of using diuretics? | -Vol depletion
-Hypokalemia
-Acid-base disorders
-Hyperglycemia
-Ototoxicity (hearing imparement) |
| Acetaminophen | Tn: Tylenol
Cat: Non-narcotic Analgesic
Ind: Anti-pyretic |
| Meperidine | Tn: Demerol
Cat: Narcotic/Opioid
Ind: Pain |
| Morphine | Tn:
Cat: Narcotic/Opioid
Ind: Pain
Add: Vasodilator |
| Cefazoline | Tn: Ancef
Cat: Antibiotic |
| Ceftriaxone | Tn: Rocefphin
Cat: Antibiotic (broad) |
| Levofloxacin | Tn: Levaquin
Cat: Antibiotic |
| Tobramycin | Tn: TOBI
Cat: Antibiotic |
| Vancomycin | Tn:
Cat: Antibiotic
Add: Tx for MRSA |
| Amphotericin B | Tn: Fungizone
Cat: Antifungal |
| Haloperidol | Tn: Haldol
Cat: Antiphsycotic |
| Acyclovir | Tn: Zovirax
Cat: Antiviral |
| Rifampin | Tn:
Cat: Anti-tuberculin
Add: Tx TB |
| Formoterol & Budesonide | Tn: Symbicort
Cat: Bronchodilator & Corticosteroid |
| Salmeterol & Fluticasone | Tn: Advair Diskus
Cat: Bronchodilator & Corticosteroid |
| Albuterol | Tn: Respolin (DPI)
Aerolin (HHN)
Proventil (MDI)
Cat: Bronchodilator |
| Epinephrine | Tn: Bronkaid
Cat: Bronchodilator/Cardiac
Add: Status Asthmaticus
Cardiac arrest |
| Levalbuterol | Tn: XopenX
Cat: Bronchodilator
Add: Less cardiac effects |
| Salmeterol | Tn: Serevent
Cat: Bronchodilator |
| Albuterol & Ipatropium Bromide | Tn: Combivent (DPI)
DuoNeb (SVN)
Cat: Combo bronchodilator |
| Atropine | Tn:
Cat: LABD/Cardiac
Add: Dysrrhythmic Agent |
| Ipatropium Bromide | Tn: Atrovent
Cat: LABD |
| Tiotropium Bromide | TN: Spiriva HandiHaler
Cat: LABD |
| Belcomethasone | Tn: Vanceril
QVAR HFA (DPI)
Cat: Corticosteroid |
| Fluticasone | Tn: Flovent Rotadisk (DPI)
Flovent (MDI)
Cat: Corticosteroid |
| Methylprednisone | Tn: Solu-Medrol (IV)
Cat: Corticosteroid |
| Chlorothaiazide | Tn: Diuril
Cat: Thiazide Diuretic
Add: For CHF/Hypertension |
| Furosemide | Tn: Lasix
Cat: Loop Diuretic |
| Mannitol | Tn:
Cat: Osmotic Diuretic
Add: Used to reduce ICP |
| Amiodarone | Tn:
Cat: Dysrrhymic Agent |
| Digitalis | Tn: Digoxin
Cat Inatropic Agent |
| Acetylcysteine | Tn: Mycomyst
Cat: Mucolytic
Add: Also used for acetaminophen overdose |
| Atratracurium | Tn: Tracrium
Cat: NMBA-Paralytic
Ind: Mech Ventilation |
| Cisatracurium | Tn: Nimbex
Cat: NMBA-Paralytic
Ind: Mech Ventilation |
| Vecuronium | Tn: Norcuron
Cat: NMBA-Paralytic
Ind: Mech Ventilation |
| Succinylcholine Chloride | Tn: Anectine
Cat: NMBA-Paralytic
Ind: Intubation
Add: Only Depolarizing agent avail |
| Cromolyn Sodium | Tn: Intal
Cat: NSAID
Ind: Prophylaxis
Add: Mediator Antagonist |
| Montelukast Sodium | Tn: Singulair
Cat: NSAID
Ind: Prophlaxis
Add: Leukotriene Mod. |
| Nedocromil Sodium | Tn: Tilade
Cat: NSAID
Ind: Prophylaxis
Add: Mediator Antagonist |
| Naloxone | Tn: Narcan
Cat: Respiratory Stimulant
Ind: Drug Overdose |
| Diprivan | Tn: Propofol
Cat: Sedative/Hypnotic |
| Ketamine | Tn: Ketanest
Cat: Sedative/Hypnotic |
| Lorazepam | Tn: Ativan
Cat: Sedative/Tranquilizer
Add: Benzodiazepine |
| Midazolam | Tn: Versed
Cat: Sedative/Tranquilizer
Add: Benzodiazepine |
| Nitroglyercin | Tn: NTG
Cat: Vasodilator |
| Nitroprusside | Tn: Nipride
Cat: Vasodilator |
| Dopamine | Tn:
Cat: Vasopressor |
| Norepinephrine | Tn: Levophed
Cat: Vasopressor |
| Aminophyline | Tn:
Cat: Xanthine (IV)
Ind: COPD, Asthma, Neonatal Apnea |
| Theophyline | Tn:
Cat: Xanthine
Ind: COPD, Asthma, Neonatal Apnea |
| How do sympathomimetic drugs work? | They stimulate adenyl cyclase to convert ATP to cyclic AMP-Bronchodilation/inhibits histamine |
| How do parasympatholytic drugs work? | They block the guanyl cyclase which keeps GTP from becoming cyclic GMP-Bronchoconstriction/histamine release |
| Why can't catecholamines be given orally? | They breakdown by the enzyme COMT in the digestive tract. |
