Question | Answer |
waveforms created by | Dr. Einthoven credited for the first three leads Einthoven's triangle |
letters of waveforms | P Q R S T U |
isoelectric line | baseline - has no polarity - invisible |
above the isoelectric line | is positive |
below the isoelectric line | is negative |
Pwave | first wave mark-atrial depolarization- starts at SAnode to internodol pathways to AVnode |
TAwave | atrial repolarization NOT SEEN ON EKG |
QRS Complex | ventricular depolarization- starts after the Pwave can start + or - ends at the isoeletric line/ is one of the largest wave line. |
Jpoint | is where the QRS ends at the isoelectric line and ST segment begins |
STwave | ventricle depolarization begins at Jpoint ends at Twave sodium is exiting and potassium is entering |
ST segment | ending depolarization going towards repolarzation starts after Jpoint
in normal EKG run w/ isoelectric line |
Twave | total ventricular repolarazation potassium inside and sodium outside |
ST + Twave elevation + | acute lack of oxygen to the myocardium |
ST + Twave depressed - | Ischemia shows signs of heart damage |
Ischemia | heart damage |
Uwave | Hypokalemia low patassium |
waveforms | movement away from the isoelecric line they can be + or - |
intervals | is a waveform + a segment
PR interval & QT interval |
segments | isoelectric event between wave forms
ST segment |
complex | several waveforms
QRS complex |
PR segment | AV delay |
PR interval | from the start of the Pwave to the beginning of the QRS complex
starts at SAnode to internodal pathways to AVnode |
Rwave | Positive waveform any positive wave in the QRS is Rwave |
Qwave | negative waveform BEFORE the Rwave shows damage to the heart |
Swave | negative waveform AFTER the Rwave |
R prime R1 | is a second Rwave |
S prime S1 | is a second Swave |
QT interval | ventricular depolarization ventricular repolarization begins at the beginning of the QRS ends at the end of the Twave |
1 small box time is | .04 seconds |
1 vertical box is | voltage = 1 milmeter of voltage |
5 small boxes in time | = .20 seconds |
5 large boxes in time | = 1 second |
15 large boxes in time | = 3 seconds |
30 large boxes in time | = 6 seconds |
rhythm | can be regular or irregular |
irregular heart rate rule | in 6 seconds how many QRS complexes X 10 = heart rate |
regular heart rate rule | 300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50, 43 BPM |
leads I, II & III also known as | Einthoven's Triangle |
how many leads on EKG | 12 leads |
lead I | -R arm to +L arm bipolar is always going to have a positive QRS always on Rwave |
lead II | -R arm to +L leg bipolar right leg always ground green common for arrhythmia it has the most prominent Pwave |
lead III | -L arm to +L leg bipolar NOT use for arrhythmias placed on |
augmented leads | +AVR=R arm +AVL=L arm +AVF=L leg augmented voltage unipolar & positive. looking from the inside out. enlarged on the EKG not used for arrhythmias |
lead V1 | 4th intercostal space right side of sternum percordial unipolar positive |
Percordial leads | V1,V2, V3, V4,V5 & V6 need to be put in the right spot EVERY SINGLE TIME! never on a bone are unipolar and positive.NOT ON BONE |
lead V2 | 4th intercostal space on left side of sternum pericordial unipolar positive |
lead V4 | 5th intercostal space at the mid clavicular line percordial unipolar positive |
lead V3 | between V2-V4 in the 5th intercostal space percordial unipolar positive |
lead V6 | midaxillary line in line with V4 on side percordial unipolar positive |
lead V5 | 5th intercostal space between V4-V6 percordial unipolar postive |
normal sinus rhythm NSR
regular sinus rhythm RSR | rhythm regular 60-100 bpm PR interval .12-.20 QRS complex .04-.11 |
sinus tachycardia | rhythm regular 100-150 bpm PR interval .12-.20 QRS complex .04-.11 |
sinus bradycardia | rhythm regular 60-40 bpm PR interval .12-.20 QRS complex .04-.11 |
sinus arrhythmia | rhythm slightly irregular 60-100bpm PR interval .12-.20 QRS complex.04-.11 |