| term | definition |
| Constitution | federalists-had broad interpretation, republicans-had strict interpretation, broad interpretation was more successful |
| elastic clause/necessary/proper clause | under constitution, if congress needs to make a law so it can fulfill a need, can make a law to do it |
| federalists/federal government | wanted central government to be strong with weak state government |
| republicans | wanted weak central gov. with strong state gov. |
| modernization | introducing more business w/economy etc. federalists wanted america to be industrialized, republicans wanted a "nation of farmers, believed industry bred corruption |
| national bank | institution by hamilton to manage national debt. hamilton wanted federal gov. to assume debt. had people invest in national gov.-"loaning national gov. money" so people want gov. to succeed so can benefit from money so they pay, jefferson hated the debt |
| republicans view of national bank | didn't like national bank, wanted personal independence |
| whiskey rebellion | 1794 in PA, response to excise tax on whiskey, hamilton taxed because wanted to show that gov. had control to tax, farmers say rep.'s didn't vote for tax, so they don't have to pay, WA says they have to b/c of majority, uses militia to suppress rebellion |
| northwest indians | indians obstructed white settlement in ohio, illinois, etc. so federalists want to create a professional standing army, republicans want militia, standing army prevails |
| jay's treaty | treaty U.S. made with GB in 1795, british lowered restrictions w/tariffs and trading rates for US, promised norhtern forts, federalists for jay's treaty, republicans against it because wanted to be closer with france |
| pinckney's treaty | spain gave control of mississippi river to us, us gets to use river for free, both federalists and republicans supported it |
| french revolution | federalists appalled at france, republicans like french rev, think it's like american rev. |
| quasi war | undeclared naval war between french and americans, federalists liked quasi war b/c didn't like french, republicans don't like war b/c like french |
| alien act | congress passed laws making it harder to become a citizen and easier to deport non-citizens, federalists liked law because could deport germans etc. who were often republicans |
| sedition act | gov. could arrrest ppl who wrote against the gov.--limited freedom of speech |
| VA and KY resolutions | republican responses to alien+sedition acts, said alien and sedition acts were void in KY and VA, madison wrote the VA one, jefferson wrote the KY one, shows that jefferson and madison think states have sovereignty and could nullify an unconstitutionallaw |
| xyz affair | incident that precipitated an undeclared war with france when 3 french officials demanded that american emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the 2 countries--quasi war |
| washington's farewell address | warned against "entangling alliances" with other countries andn political parties |
| washington's administration | vice president=adams, sec. of state:thomas jefferson, sec. of treasury=hamilton, sec. of war=henry knox, attorney general=edmund randolph |
| circuit court | court that meets at diff't places within a district |
| abrogating | abolishing a treaty so that it is no longer in effect |
| impressment | removal of sailors from american ships by british naval officers |
| naturalization | process by which people born in a foreign country are granted full citizenship with all of its rights |
| louisiana purchase | spain gives land to france (who keeps control over new orleans), france wants french empire in america again, jefferson sends delegates to buy new orleans from napolean, napolean sells all the land for bargain of $15 million dollars |
| midnight judges | federal judicial officials appointed under judiciary act of 1801, in the last days of john adams' presidency |
| judiciary act of 1801 | assured long-term domination of federal courts by federalists |
| lame-duck administration | period of time between an incumbent party's or office-holder's loss of an election and the succession to office of the winning party or candidate |
| judicial review | supreme court's power to rule on the constitutionality of congressional acts, was established through Marbury vs. Madison |
| Marbury vs. Madison | John marshall used it to establish judicial review |
| yeoman | a farmer who owned his own farm, jefferson liked yeomen and believed that the american yeomen could survive without european luxuries |
| embargo | gov. order prohibiting the movement of merchant ships or goods in or out of its ports |
| war hawks | members of 12th congress, most of them young nationalists from western and southern areas, who promoted war with britain |
| Tecumseh | military and political leader of the northwestern tribes that sided with the british in 1812 |
| macon's bill number two | lifts ban on trade with france and ensures war with GB, says whoever lifts their ban on trade first, america will ban trade with other country |
| milan decree | any ship that complies with british orders in council is subject to french seizure |
| orders in council | ships must receive british clearance before trading w/continent |
| berlin decree | outlaws trade with great britain |
| battle of trafalgar | 1805, british defeat french and spanish navys, so britain controls the sea, france controls the land |
| non-intercourse act | closes trade with only france and great britain |
| henry clay | speaker of the house at war hawk congress |
| hartford convention | convention to prevent other federalists from seceeding, at convention proposed amendements to constitution, like denying naturalized citizens, require 2/3 majority of both houses for dec. of war, wanted to amend everything republicans benefited from |
| treaty of ghent | ended war of 1812, border between canada and us remained where it had been before, british maritime violations were not mentioned |
| john jay | foreign sec. who negotiated treaty with spain |
| roger sherman | made connecticut compromise |
| edmond genet | french sent him to us to enlist american aid, after wa proclaimed neutral, genet commissioned american privateers to harrass british shipping and enlisted americans in intrigues against spanish |
| elbridge gerry | delegate from massachusetts, sent to france during xyz affair |
| thomas gage | governor of boston, general who sent troops to concord |
| john wilkes | member of parliament who published attack on george III, wilkes had supporters associated with liberty |
| nonimportation agreements | agreements not to import goods from great britain. they were designed to put pressure on the british economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts |
| patrick henry | in virginia house of burgesses, launched first wave of resolutions against stamp act |
| vice-admiralty courts | royal courts handled the disposition of enemy ships captured in time of war, adjudicated routine maritime disputes between, for example, a ships' crew and its owner, and sometimes tried to decide cases involving parliamentary regulation of commerce. |
| common law | the heart of the english legal system was based on precedents and judicial decisions. common-law courts offered due process through devices like trial by jury, which usually consisted of local men |
| committees of correspondence | bodies formed on both the local and colonial levels that played an important role in exchanging ideas and info. they spread primarily anti-british material and were an important step in the first tentative unity of ppl in diff't colonies. |
| provincial congress | type of convention elected by colonists to organize resistance. they tended to be larger than the legal assemblies they displaced, and they played a major role in politicizing the countryside |
| mandamus | a legal writ ordering a person, usually a public official, to carry out a specific act. in MA in 1774, the new royal councilors were appointed by a write of mandamus |
| edmund randolph | proposed VA/large state plan |
| thomas hutchinson | governor of boston who refused to grant clearance papers to 3 ships that had to pay the townshend duty, went against the radicals |
| lord north | replaced townshend, repealed townshend acts except for act on tea |
