| Flap 1 |
Flap 2 |
| SI Prefixes | M^6,k^3,u^-6,p^-12 |
| Work | force through distance |
| Force | change of speed or direction |
| Energy | ability to do work |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| Potential energy | energy of position |
| Thermal energy | heat energy |
| Chemical energy | new substances are produced |
| Atomic # | (z) protons |
| Atomic Mass # | (A) protons and neutrons |
| Atomic Mass | AMU |
| Atomic Weight | % abundance |
| Periods | rows |
| Groups | columns |
| Valence Shell | ground state atom |
| Valence Electrons | electrons in a valence shell |
| Nucleon | neutrons and protons |
| Nuclide | constitution of the nucleus |
| Isotope | same # protons, different # of neutrons |
| Mass & energy | are interchangeable |
| Pair annihilation | 2 particles collide make energy |
| Mass defect | sum of masses of p+n+e minus mass of the atom |
| Binding Energy | binds the nucleus |
| BE per nucleon | BE / # nucleons |
| Fission | splitting |
| Critical E for fission | to the point of separation |
| Criticality | new = old |
| Fusion | joins |
| Terrestrial radiation | 28 mrem |
| Cosmic radiation | 27 mrem |
| Internal emitters | 39 mrem |
| Inhaled | 200 mrem |
| Nuclear fallout | <1 mrem |
| Medical exposure | 53 mrem |
| Consumer products | 10 mrem |
| Nuclear facilities | <1 mrem |
| Nuclear stability | arrangement of n & p |
| Nuclear force | independent of charge |
| Increase in Z# | p/n ratio increase |
| Radioactivity | spontaneously emit radiation |
| Radioactive decay | spontaneously disintegrates |
| Alpha | 2 p, 2 n |
| Beta | -1 charge, 5.49E-4 AMU |
| Gamma | excited nuclei, use lead |
| Alpha Decay | Z-2 |
| Beta Decay | Z+1 |
| Positron Decay | Z-1, +beta |
| 2 aspects of decay | Modes, Rate |
| Fission products | too big a n/p ratio |
| Radioactive series | Uranium, Thorium, Actinium, Neptunium |
| Curie | dps of radium |
| Becquerel | 1 dps-60dpm |
| Roentgen | exposure |
| Rad | absorbed dose 100ergs/g |
| Gray | 1J/kg - 100 Rad |
| H=DQ | H=rem or sievert, D=Rad or gray,Q=quality factor |
| Dose equivalent | absorbed dose * quality factor |
| Quality factors | Rays=1, slow=3, fast=10, alpha=20 |
| Ionization | removal of an electron of a neutral atom |
| Excitation | moves to a higher energy state |
| Bremsstrahlung | energy loss as it reacts with matter |
| Specific ionization | ion pairs/path length |
| Stopping power | removes energy |
| Alpha transfer | ionization, excitation |
| Beta transfer | Ionization, excitation, Bremsstrahlung |
| Gamma interaction | Photoelectric effect, compton pair production |
| Photoelectric effect | all or nothing energy loss |
| Compton scattering | only part of the energy is transferred |
| Pair production | disappears |
| 4 catagories of neutrons | thermal (~.025eV), intermediate (0.5eV), fast (100KeV), relativistic (>20MeV) |
| 3 results of neurton capture | gamma, charged particles, fission |
| Elastic scattering | strikes and transfers SOME of its energy |
| Inelastic scattering | strikes, transfers most of the energy |
| Cell Membrane | regulates concentrations, 3-5k rads to rupture |
| Cytoplasm | jelly stuff, negligible |
| Mitochondria | supplies energy, few k rad to disrupt |
| Lysosomes | digestive enzymes, 500-1k rads to rupture |
| Nucleus | directs cell activity, most sensitive |
| Chromosomes | supercoils of DNA |
| Bergonie and Tribondeau law | radiosensitivity is directly proportional to its reproductive capability |
| Water | free radical and ion |
| secondary | hydrogen peroxide |
| Stochastic | no threshold, cancer |
| Non-stochastic | threshold, cataracts, infertility |
| LD 50/30 | 50% of exposed die within 30days |
| Chronic radiation | low dose, long time, cancer |
| Hematopoietic system | 200-1000 rad |
| GI tract | 1-5k rad, weight loss |
| Central NS | >5k rad, death |
| 4 stages of rad poisoning | prodromal, latent illness, recovery or death |
| Fetal doses | 25 rad=development changes, 400-600 rad=death of fetus |
| Somatic | not passed on |
| Heritable | passed on |
| Purpose of the DOE rad manual | don't get dose unless its beneficial |
| Shall | Mandatort |
| Should | follow or find alternate |
| Pre-job ALARA | risk analysis |
| Pre-job brief | procedures, qualifications, emergencies |
| Post-job ALARA | unusual exposure events investigated |
| Post-job briefing | critique work performance |
| Minimizing personal exposure | time, distance shielding, amount |
| 6CEN | C=Source activity, E=(gamma1 X %)+(gamma 2 X%), N=# fo gamma/disintegrations |
| Source reduction | decay, decon, reduce, discharge, move |
| Line source equation | I1*d^2=I2*d^2 |
| Point source equation | I1*d1=I2*d2 |
| HLV | I (shielded)=I(unshielded X (1/2)^n |
| ALI | single radionuclide |
| DAC | divide ALI by the volume |
| Biological 1/2 life | independent of the physical 1/2 life |
| Blocking agent | saturates with a stable element |
| Diluting agent | reduces the bodies incorporation of radioactive atoms |
| Mobilizing agent | increases the natural turnover process |
| Chelating agent | insoluble to soluble |
| Current | amp, electrons past a point in a circuit |
| Voltage | volts, potential difference |
| Resistance | ohms, opposes flow |
| Ionization detectors | ion pairs, (GM tubes) |
| Excitation detectors | excites the atom (TLDs) |
| Chemical detectors | causes a chemical change (film badges) |
| Gas amplication curve | RIPLGC |
| Ion chamber detectors | before they can recombine |
| Proportional detectors | single very large pulse |
| Resolving time | initial pulse to next pulse measured |
| Dead time | initial pulse to next pulse produced |
| Recovery time | full size pulse to next full sized pulse |
| Gas filled detector discrimination | shielding, gas specific, pulse height |
| Scintillation detector | excitation, emits light when excited |
| Photomultiplier | detect scintillation |
| Photocathode | converts lightphotons to electrons |
| Dynode assembly | amplify the signal |
| Anode | collect the electron and generate a pulse |
| Voltage didvider network | splits the high voltage into potentials |
| Shell | seals the tube |
| Boron activation | slow neutron detection, strike Boron-10, alpha emitted |
| Fission chambers | slow neutron detection, U-235 |
| Activation Foils | slow neutron detection, absorb neutrons of a specific energy |
| Proton recoil | fast neutron detection, elastic scattering with Hydrogen atoms |
| Semiconductor | electrons moves from the valance to conduction leaving holes (electron-hole pairs) |
| GeLi system | High resolution, short responce time, gamma only, keep cool |
| HPGe system | portable, room temperature, expensive |
| Dose equivalent in rem | rads*Q |
| Minimize ingestion by | not smoking |
| Fission products contain too many | neutrons |
| Which neutron has the least amount of K.E.? | thermal |
| The effective 1/2 life is <,>,= to the radioactive 1/2 life? | < |
| EES | English system |
| Q relates____to ____? | absorbed dose to dose equivalent |
