Question | Answer |
Diseases a/w Collagen deficits | scurvy (Vit C deficiency); Ehlers-Danlos syndrome; Osteogenesis Imperfecta |
disease w/ elastin/fibrillin deficit | Marfan syncrome |
vascular transmigration; facilitated by PECAM-1 | diapedesis |
vascular dilation esp arterioles; increase vascular permeability esp venules | histamine |
increase vascular permeability | serotonin |
release arachidonic acid from lipid membrane of cells; release PAF from lipid membrane of cells | PLA2 |
indcues platelet agreggation; induce neutrophil oxidative burst; induce arachidonic acid production by activating PLA2; induces leukocyte-endothelial adhesion | Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) |
secreted by NK cells; plays the predominant role in macrphage activation (esp in relation to granuloma formation) | interferon gamma (INF-y) |
stimulate neutrophil adhesion | leukotrienes |
exert an inhibitory effect on many inflammation processes | lipoxins |
elevated ESR | RBCs clump because of the increase of acute phase proteins esp fibrinogen |
occurs when injurious agent or forgein material cannot be eradicated & body switches to a strategy of containment | Chronic Suppurative inflammation |
chronic macrophage activation causes macrophages to swell and take on an epitheloid cell appearance | Granulomatous inflammation |
most common cause of MV stenosis? | Rheumatic heart disease |
most common cause of MV regurgitation? | papillary dysfunctino due to ischemic heart dis or Mitral valve prolapse due to myxomatous degenration of the MV |
most common cause of aortic valve stenosis? | congenital bicuspid aortic valve & senile fibrocalcific degeneration |
most common cause of myocarditis? | Coxsackie B & Adenovirus type 2 & 3 |
mitral valve stenosis triad? | 1) loud S1; 2) mitral valve opening snap; 3) mid-distolic murmur best heard @ cardiac apcex |
primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy a/w mutations in the??? | myosin heavy beta chain; actin; tropomyosin; titin |
where do we see WHORLED PATTERN in the myocardial muscle bundles? | Primary Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
pulmonary circulation maintained by Right Atrium | Fontan heart (seen in Arrhythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy) |
repalcemnt of portions of the myocardial wall, usually the RV by fibrofatty tissue w/ loss of cardiocytes; show interved T waves in anterior chest leads over R ventricle and epsilon wave in early ST segment; only effective Tx: defibrillator implantation | Arrythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy |
Where is S3, S4 & S7 present? | Congestive Heart Failure |
difficulty in repolarization leads to uncoordinated repolarization which predisposes to episodes of spontaenous ventricular re-entry arrythmias sep Torsade de Pointes | Long QT syndrome |
compensatory mechanism of cells incapable of cell division | hypertrophy |
organs where fatty change (steatosis) is common? | liver, myocardiumk kidney |
enzymatically binds to damaged proteins to facilitate their removal | ubiquitin |
proteins involved in apoptosis also involved in tumoregenesis | bcl2 & p53 |
adult progeria; autosomal recessive; defective DNA helicase enzymes | Werner Syndrome |
pediatric progeria | Cockayne syndrome |
Connective tissue disorder; autosomal recessive | Acrogeria |
help regulate the clotthing cascade | alpha-2-antiplasmin |
inhibits the initiation of complement cascade | c1 esterase inhibitor |
neutralize reactive oxygen radicals | Metal binding protein (manganese superoxide dismutase) |
increased levels of bone marrow granulopoiesis; cytoplasmic areas of condensed ribosomes | Dohle bodies |
valve most likely involved in IVDA related Infective endocarditis | Tricuspid valve |
Infective Endocarditis where pahents have NO structural disease and NO preexisting heart murmur | community acquired ACUTE IE |
s/s: intermittent claudication, impotence, decreased or absent femoral pulses; a/w aortic narrowing in the abdominal aorta below the renal stenosis | Leriche syndrome |
fibrointimal proliferation creating 'onion skin' appearache; commonly located in kidnyes | hyperplastic arteriosclerosis |
higher lipid content of lipid core; thinner fibrous cap; increased leukocyte activity at shoulder regions of plaque | vulnerable plaque |
due to reoxygenation in reversible cardiocyte injury which causes extreme contraction of the cardiocyte filaments | contraction band necrosis 'rigor bands' |
retina may demonstrate orange-yellow plaque at bifurcation of vessels | Hollenhurst plaque (seen in cholesterol embolization syndrome) |
red-blue skin momttling in reticular (net-like) pattern over distal extremities due to blood flow stasis | cutaneous livedo reticularis |
chronic hypoxia due to chronic respiratory insufficiency due to inhibition of respiratory movement from obesity | Pickwickian syndrome |