Question | Answer |
Ca2+ [increase/decrease] in mycocytes causes increased contractility and stroke volume | increase |
Na+ in myocytes [increases/decreases] contractility | decreases |
What is the O2-based formula for determining Cardiac Output? | (rate of O2 use)/[(arterial O2 - venous O2)] |
Cardiac Output increase during exercise is accomplished by which first: Stroke Volume increase, or Heart Rate increase? | Stroke Volume |
formula for MAP? | 2/3 Diast + 1/3 Syst |
What ECG leads are for inferior wall? | AVf, II, III |
Which coronary artery supplies inferior heart in 90% of cases? | Right Coronary Artery (specifically, Posterior descending branch) |
Which ECG leads are for IV Septum? Anterior wall? | V1, V2, V3 for IV septum. V2, V3, V4 for anterior wall. |
What makes ATH plaques visible on CT? | Calcification |
Chest pain in SLE or steroid users is usually due to ___________. | ATH (check resting and exercise ECG) |
U wave is a sign of ? | relative hypokalemia |
Relationship between dypiridamole testing and cardiac steal? | Dypiridamole opens up non diseased vessels, while diseased ones stay the same since they are already max dilated. |
What 2 isotopes can be used during nuclear stress test? | thallium 201, technetium-99m-sestamibi |
True/False: you should stop taking heart medicine before exercise test? | True: stop taking Bblockers, digoxin, anti-ischemics |
What is the gold standard for identifying CAD? | coronary angiography |
High serum levels of what amino acid are associated with hypercholesterolemia? | Homocysteine |
What meds can cause raised LDL | OCPs, diuretics, testosterone, HRT |
What are the ranges for LDL Rx based on # of risk factors? | CAD: 100-130 = lifestyle changes, 130+ = statins. (add 30 points for 2+ risk factors, 30 more for 0-1 risk factors) |
What is Prinzmetal angina? | arterial vasospasm |
What Rx for Prinzmetal angina? What do you avoid | CCBs (drugs of choice), nitrates. AVOID b-blockers, ASA |