Question | Answer |
Mendel | father of genetics |
cross-fertilize | a plant from another place fertilizes it |
self-fertilize | a plant fertilizes itself |
Hybrid | fertilization in which the sex cells are produced by two different individuals or sometimes by individuals of different kinds |
P generation | the parents (the 1st generation) |
F1 Generation | offspring or kids of the P generation (2nd generation) |
F2 Generation | kids of the kids of P Generation ( the 3rd generation) |
Monohybrid cross | crossbreeding experiment that follows the inheritance of a single characteristic across one or more generations |
Dihybrid cross | a cross between the F1 offspring of two individuals that differ in two traits of particular interest |
Dominant Allele | a gene that is expressed in an organism's phenotype masks a recessive gene (always expressed) |
Recessive allele | it's hidden (a gene whose phenotype expression is masked by a dominant gene |
Homozygous | two of the same allele that code for the same trait |
Heterozygous | one of each allele that code for the same trait |
Carriers | they have the trait but don't show it |
Recessive Disorders | can be hidden. ex: Cystic fibrosis, albinism, PKU (phenylketonuria), Sickle cell disease. tay-sachs disease |
Dominant Disorders | Dwarfism (achondroplasia), huntingston's disease, alheimers, hypercholesterlemia |
Genotype vs.Phenotype | 1) order of letter 2)how they are expressed |
Complete | 1) Inheritance characterized by an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote and that masks the phenotypic expression of the recessive allele |
Incomplete Dominance | neither can mask the other( the appearance in a heterozygote of a trait that is intermediate between either of the trait's homozygous phenotypes |
Codominance | both get expressed( a condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other. |
Pleiotropy | one bad gene creates a multitude of effects |
polygenic inheritance | many genes affect one trait |
Monoecious | plant species that are both male and female |
Hermaphroditic | animal species that are both male and female |
sex-linked disorders | red-green color blindness, hemophilia, duchenne muscular dystrophy |
Principle of segregation | chromosome from mom and chromosome from dad separate during meiosis |
Test cross | a cross between an individual exhibiting the dominant phenotype of a trait and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that trait in order to determine the genotype of the dominant individual |