Question | Answer |
cardiovascular system | heart & blood vessels (arteries, veins, & capillaries) |
arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
veins | carry blood toward the heart |
capillaries | tiny blood vessels that join the arterial & venous systems & carry blood to the organs |
heart lies within | pericardium which is located in the thoracic cavity, posterior to the sternum & left of the midline |
it is connected to the aorta | which is inferior & superior venae cavae, & pulmonary veins & arteries |
heart have | four chambers (r&l atria, r&l ventricles) |
septum | structure separates r&l sides of the heart |
artioventricular valves | allow blood to flow from artria to ventricles |
right artioventricular valve | tricuspid valve |
left artioventricular valve | bicuspid or mitral valve |
semilunar valves | allow blood to flow from the ventricles to arteries |
pulmonary semilunar valve | allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery |
aortic semilunar valve | allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta |
layers of the heart (in to out) | endocardium, myocardium, & epicardium |
endocardium (thin inside) | is epithelial tissue |
myocardium (thick middle layer) | consists of cardiac muscle tissue |
epicardium (outer layer) | connective & epithelial tissue |
pericardium is | sac filled w/pericardial fluid |
parietal layer | outer covering of the pericardium |
visceral layer (epicardium) | inner lining of the pericardium |
conduction system | the heart's electrical system (if removed from body) |
conduction system have 5 specialized network of muscle cells | sinoatrial node (SA node, pacemaker), artioventricular node (AV node), atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle, or bundle of His), r&l bundle branches, purkinje fibers |
SA node | initiates an impulse |
sent to AV node | causing atria to contract |
then AV bundle & purkinje fibers | causing the ventricles to contract |
electrocardiograph | instrument monitor & produce a written record of the electrical activity of the heart |
electrocardiogram (ECG) consists | P waves(atrial contraction), QRS waves (ventricular contraction), & T waves (ventricular recovery) |
heartbeat consists | systole (contraction phase) & diastole (resting phase) |
pulse | dilation of the arteries during the systolic phase |
sphygmomanometer | blood pressure is measured |
systolic pressure | is higher (first number) |
diastolic pressure | is lower (second number) |
hypertension | high blood pressure |
hypotension | low blood pressure |
murmur | blowing sound indicative of abnormal blood flow |
lupp (S1-first heat sound) | is sound of the artioventricular valves closing |
dubb (S2-second heart sound) | is sound of semilunar valves closing |
complete heartbeat | lupp-dubb |
blood vessels consists | arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, & capillaries |
capillary beds | are embedded in the organs |
capillaries | feed the cells, take away waste, & connect the arterial & venous systems |
heart is fed by | coronary arteries |
collateral circulation | another route if one road is blocked off for repair (arterial system has parallel routes to allow blockages) |
arteries & veins | usually named after organ thru which they pass (capillaries are not named) |
constrict/o | to draw together |
dilat/o | to expand |
angi/o | vessel |
-graphy | process of recording |
angiography | process of recording a blood vessel using x-ray following injection of a contrast medium |
angioplasty | surgical repair of stenosed (narrowed) blood vessels (pg.256) |
angiospasm | sudden, involuntary contraction of a blood vessel; vasospasm |
aort/o | aorta |
-stenosis | narrowing |
aortostenosis | narrowing of the aorta |
arteri/o | artery |
arteriography | process of recording the arteries using x-ray & following injection of a contrast medium |
-ole | small |
arteriole | small arteries |
-sclerosis | hardening |
arteriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries due to the loss of elasticity of the arterial walls |
arteriostenosis | narrowing of an artery |
-ectomy | surgical removal; excision |
endarterectomy | removal of the inner lining of the arterial wall (used to treat atherosclerosis) |
ather/o | fatty debris; fatty plaque |
atheroma | fatty mass or debris |
atherosclerosis | accumulation of fatty debris on the arterial wall |
atri/o | atrium (upper chamber of the heart) |
inter | between |
septum | wall |
interatrial septum | wall b/w the atria |
cardi/o | heart |
cardiologist | specialist in the study of cardiology |
cardiology | study of the heart, including the diagnosis & treatment of heart disorders |
-megaly | enlargement |
cardiomeagaly | enlarged heart |
-gram | record |
electr/o | electric |
electrocardiogram | record of the electrical activity of the heart |
my/o | muscle |
myocardial | pertaining to the heart muscle |
pan | all |
pancarditis | inflammation of all the walls of the heart, including the epicardium, myocardium, & endocardium |
peri | around |
pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
-um | structure |
pericardium | structure around the heart |
coron/o | crown |
coronary arteries | arteries that supply the heart w/blood (sit on top of the heart like a crown) |
ech/o | sound |
echocardiogram | record of the heart produced by sound waves |
embol/o | plug |
-us | condition; thing |
embolus | plug of clotted blood that is transported thru bloodstream by the blood current |
isch/o | hold back |
myocardial ischemia | hold back of blood to the heart muscle |
angina pectoris | severe chest pain |
myocardial infarction | area of tissue that undergone necrosis (death) due to lack of blood supply to the heart |
phleb/o | vein |
-osis | abnormal condition |
phlebothrombosis | abnormal condition of clots in a vein |
thromb/o | clot |
thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein w/ clot formation |
rhythm/o | rhythm |
a(n)- | no; not |
arrhythmia | deviation from the normal heart rhythm |
scler/o | hardening |
-therapy | treatment |
sclerotherapy | injection of a soln into a vein for the purpose of destroying the vein inner lining by sclerosis |
thrombus | blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel |
valvul/o | valve |
valvuloplasty | surgical repair of a valve |
varic/o | twisted & swollen |
-ose | pertaining to |
varicose veins (pg 261) | twisted, swollen superficial veins, typically of the saphenous vein of the lower leg |
vascul/o | vessel |
avascular | pertaining to no blood vessels |
cerebr/o | brain |
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | disturbance in the flow of blood to one or more parts of the brain (stroke) |
vas/o | vein |
extravasation | excape of fluid into the surrounding tissue |
vasoconstriction | process of drawing together the walls of a vessel; narrowing of the lumen; vasospasm |
vasodilation | process of vessel expansion; widening of the vessel |
ven/o | vein |
venous | pertaining to a vein |
venule | small vein |
ventricul/o | ventricle (lower chamber of the heart) |
interventricular septum | pertaining to the wall b/w the ventricles |
-ectasis | dilation; dilation; stretching |
angiectasis | dilation of a blood vessel |
-brady | slow |
bradycardia | slow heartbeat |
-tachy | fast |
tachycardia | fast heartbeat |
BP | blood pressure |
ASHD | arteriosclerotic heart diease (damage to the heart due to the obstruction of a coronary artery) |