Question | Answer |
What is biotechnology and what is the earliest use of a biotechnology process, still used today, can you identify? | The use of microorganisms to produce chemical compounds or medical products. First use was fermentation of beer the Sumerians back in 1750 B.C. |
What happened in the late 1600s that led to a much better understanding of bacteria? Who was responsible for this discovery? | Anton Von Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria using the microscope |
Who is the person who first “coined” the term biotechnology? | Karl Ereky in 1919 |
When was the first large scale production of penicillin achieved and name at least 3 diseases penicillin is used to treat. | 1943 was first large scale production; gonorrhea, strep throat, anthrax, tetnus, staph infections |
What major milestone was achieved in 1953 and who is credited with this milestone? | Watson and Crick reveal the 3D structure of DNA |
What did Marshall Nirenburg work on for 5 years and why is it important to the history of biotechnology? | 1961 – 1966 mRNA studied, discovered UUU is the condon for phenylalanine which led to the discovery of the gentic code and its components |
When was the North Carolina Biotechnology Center created and what was is its purpose? | 1981, first state sponsored initiative to develop biotech industry |
What did Genentech produce in 1978 from E. coli? | Human insulin in 1978. Humulin in 1982 to treat diabetes. |
In 1980 the US Supreme Court ruled on a landmark case Diamond v. Chakrabarty. What was decided by this case? | Approval of principle of patenting genetically engineered life forms |
In what year was the first DNA fingerprinting technique developed? | 1984 |
What does PCR stand for? In what year was the method first conceived? In year was the procedure first published? | Polymerase Chain Reaction. 1983 was the first method and 1988 was the first published method |
In 1991 a biotech company, Amgen, developed Neupogen. What was the significance of this discovery? Record the website for later on. | First new class of drugs called colony stimulating factors, used for the treatment of low white blood cells in chemotherapy patients |
What milestone was achieved by Genzyme in 1991? Name the product and the disease it treats. Record the website for use later on. | Ceredase approved. Treatment for Gaucher’s patients. Cerezyme is the recombinant form. |
In what year was the first baboon to human bone marrow transplant performed? What disease did the patient have? | 1995 it was performed on an AIDS patient |
Biogen, located in Cambridge, MA and RTP, NC, produced Avonex. What disease is this a treatment for? | Treatment for Multiple sclerosis |
Dolly came on the biotech scene in 1997. How was she significant? | First cloned sheep from adult cell |
In what year did bio-defense become particularly important to a point where federal funds were approved to support research and development efforts? What specific incidence led to this? | 2001 after 9/11 and Anthrax was sent through the mail. |
What major milestone was completed in April 2003? | National Human Genome Project completed. Full human genome sequence completed |
Bioremediation | use of bacteria to clean up the environment |
Biosensors | use of microelectronics and cellular biology to create new devices; ex. insulin monitor |
Protein Engineering | Abzyme production; making a better and more robust Ab through recombinant engineering |
Bio-processing | using bacteria to mfg. new products; example is fermentation |
Genetic engineering | also called recombinant DNA |
Lipids | Sudan IV is the test, composed of fatty acids |
Proteins | Biuret reagent, violet is positive, composed of amino acids |
Complex sugars | Iodine is the test, black is positive, starches are in this area |
Simple sugars | Carbs, Benedicts reagent, orange is positive reaction |
Nucleic acids | contains genetic information |