| Question |
Answer |
| What is produced in the liver? | Bile |
| What two compartments are in the pancreas? | endocrine and exocrine |
| Where does digestion and absorption occur? | Small intestine |
| Where does secretion occur? | Salivary, liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
| What direction is the outer layer of the muscularis externa running? | longitudinally - allows for shortening of tube |
| What direction is the inner layer of the musclaris externa running? | runs around the tube - allows for contraction |
| What type of epithelium is in the esophagus? | protective |
| What type of epithelium is in the stomach? | secretory |
| What type of epithelium is in the small intestine? | absorptive |
| What layer is in between the epithelium and musclaris externa? | submucosa |
| What is the daily input from diet? | 2L |
| Where does the largest amount of absorption occur? | ileum |
| What is the secretion from the tube? | 7L |
| How much daily input arrives in the colon? | 2L |
| What is the daily output? | 0.2-0.5L in feces |
| How do you increase surface area of food? | fragmentation (chewing) |
| What 3 glands do saliva come from? | parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
| What type of saliva does the parotid secrete? | serous, mainly protein |
| What type of saliva does the submandibular secrete? | serous (protein), as well as a mucous secretion |
| What type of saliva does the sublingual secrete? | mucous - lubrication |
| What does amylase do? | starts breakdown of carbohydrate |
| What is lysozyme? | protects teeth - antibacterial action |
| What coordinates swallowing? | medulla oblongata - brainstem |
| What coordinates vomiting? | medulla oblongata - brainstem |
| Where is the cardiac section of the stomach? | near the top, small area |
| Where is the fundus of the stomach? | basically the top half |
| Where is the antrum of the stomach? | second half, top 1/4 of that area |
| What is the last region of the stomach? | pyloric |
| What do parietal cells secrete? | HCl, intrinsic factor |
| What does intrinsic factor do? | carries vit B12, allowing for uptake in the ileum |
| What do chief cells secrete in the stomach? | Pepsinogen (inactive pepsin) |
| What does the acid in the lumen of the stomach do to pepsinogen? | cleaves pepsinogen transforming it to active form, to aid in digestion |
| What do the epithelial cells secrete in the stomach? | Mucus |
| Why would you want mucus in the stomach? | protect stomach from acid |
| What region of the stomach has parietal cells and chief cells? | fundus |
| What is the common endpoint of the 3 various ways to secrete HCl? | H+ proton pump - ATPase |
| What are the 3 ways to regulate the proton pump? | |
| What does CO2 combine with to make bicarbonate? | H20 |
| Where does CO2 enter the parietal cells from? | ISF |
| Where does the leftover H+ go after bicarbonate is made in the parietal cells? | goes out through the lumen by the H+ proton pump |
| What enters every time a H+ leaves through the H+ proton pump in the parietal cell? | K+ |
| What enters the parietal cell every time a bicarbone leaves? | Cl- |
| Where does the Cl- in the parietal cell go? | into the lumen - H+ and Cl- make HCl in stomach |
| When is the peak acid out put after a meal? | hour and a half |
| When does the acid decrease after a meal? | 2 hours |
| Why does the pH rise in the first 30 minutes? | denatured proteins from the food buffer the system |
| Why does acid secretion decrease by 2 hours? | stomach is empty, protein is gone, no more buffer, pH returns to normal |
| What does smelling, seeing, thinking about food cause? | secretion of HCl in stomach |
| What phase is regulated by Ach? | cephalic phase |
| When Ach binds to the receptor, what happens? | proton pump is turned on, HCl production starts |
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