| Question | Answer |
| State 2 functions of K+ | 1) Regulate neuromuscular excitability and muscular contraction
2) Regulate insulin secretion |
| What are the ECG changes in
a) Hypo-Kalemia?
b) Hyper-Kalemia? | a) Hypo-K+ = U wave
b) Hyper-K+ = Peaked T waves |
| Is sweating a hypo/iso/hypertonic loss of Na+? | Hypotonic loss of Na+ |
| Is adult diarrhea a hypo/iso/hypertonic loss of Na+? | Isotonic loss of Na+ |
| Are pitting edema states (RHF, cirrhosis, neprotic) a hypo/iso/hypertonic loss/gain of Na+? | Hypotonic gain of Na+ |
| Is salicylate intoxication a metabolic acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? | It is both. It is a primary metabolic acidosis, and a primary respiratory alkalosis. |
| What are the differences between transudate and exudate? | Transudate is protein-poor and cell-poor, produce pitting edema.
Exudate is protein-rich and cell-rich. No pitting edema. |
| State the 3 pathogenesis of thrombi. (Virchow's triad) | 1) Endothelial cell injury
2) Stasis of blood flow
3) Hypercoagulability |
| List the causes of Fat Embolism. | 1) MC due to fracture of long bones
2) trauma to fat-laden tissues, or fatty liver |
| Dx :
During labor, abrupt onset of dyspnea, cyanosis, hypotension, and bleeding. | Amniotic fluid embolism |
| List 2 acute complications of scuba diving. | 1) Pneumothorax
2) Pulmonary embolism
3) bends |
| List the changes during hypovolemic shock to :
a) CO
b) LVEDP
c) PVR | a) decrease CO
b) decrease LVEDP
c) increased PVR |
| List the changes during cardiogenic shock to :
a) CO
b) LVEDP
c) PVR | a) decreased CO
b) increased LVEDP
c) increased PVR |
| List the changes during septic shock to :
a) CO
b) LVEDP
c) PVR | a) increased CO
b) decreased LVEDP
c) decreased PVR |
| What is the most common organism to cause septic shock? | Escherichia coli |
| Dx :
Warm skin, bounding pulse, ARDS, DIC | Septic shock |
