| Question |
Answer |
| Biological Rhythms are necessary for what? | Adaptation |
| What are the 3 types of rhythms? | Circadian; Infradian; Ultradian |
| What is the circadian rhythm? | Cycle occurring every 24 hrs (sleep-wake cycle) |
| What is the infradian rhythm? | Longer, slower cycle than circadian (menstrual cycle) |
| What is the ultradian rhythm? | Shorter, faster cycle than circadian (cardiac cycle, 90 min. sleep cycle) |
| What are other physiological cycles synchronized with the Sleep-Wake Cycle (S-WC)? | 1) body temperature 2) hormone levels 3) cell division |
| What are the two phases of sleep? | NREM and REM |
| What are the stages of NREM and the corresponding total sleep time (percent)? | Stage 1 (5%); Stage 2 (50-55%); Stage 3 (10%); Stage 4 (10%) |
| What is the total sleep time (percent) of REM? | 20-25% |
| What are the characteristics of NREM? | Slow rolling eye movement/none, muscle relaxation, decreased pulse, blood pressure and respirations |
| What is the function of NREM? | Physical restoration |
| What are the characteristics of REM? | Rapid, darting eye movement, small facial twitches, loss of muscle tone, increased pulse, blood pressure and respirations, and irregular pulse and respirations |
| What is the function of REM? | Psychological and mental restoration |
| How many cycles does an adult go thru every night? | 4-6 |
| How long is a cycle? | 60-120 minutes |
| What is the total sleep time (TST) for adults? | 6-8 hours |
| What is the total sleep time (TST) for 6 y/o? | 10-12 hours |
| What is the total sleep time (TST) for adolescents? | 8-9 hours |
| What is the total sleep time (TST) for a 12 month old? | 14 hours |
| What is the total sleep time (TST) for a neonate? | 16 hours |
| What are symtoms of sleep deprivation? | Decreased reflexes, reasoning & judgment, auditory & visual alertness, motivation, fine motor clumsiness, slowed response time, reduced word memory, excessive sleepiness, cardiac arrhythmias, irritable, withdrawn, apathetic, agitated, confused/disoriented |
| What is insomnia? | difficulty falling asleep (longer than 30 min); difficulty staying asleep/frequent awakening; difficulty going back to sleep after awakening; awakening too early or any comination of above |
| What is the most prevalent sleep disorder? | Insomnia |
| Insomnia is most commonly associated with what? | Poor sleep habits |
| What are therapies for insomnia? | 1) Stimulus-Control Therapy 2) Relaxation Training 3) Sleep Restriction Therapy |
| What is stimulus-control therapy? | Assumes that sleep is a conditioned response to bed and bedtime |
| When would relaxation training be appropriate? | Assumes that people w/sleep problems often When person displays high levels of arousal at night and during the day |
| For whom would sleep restriction therapy be used? | Poor sleepers - increase time in bed to provide more opportunity for sleep, BUT results are fragmented/poor quality sleep |
| What is sleep apnea? | cessation of breathing for a time during sleep |
| What are the types of sleep apnea? | 1) Obstructive 2) Central 3) Mixed |
| What are the symptoms of sleep apnea? | Loud snoring with periods of apnea; frequent awakening at night; excessive daytime sleepiness; morning headaches; fatigue and irritability |
| What are treatments for sleep apnea? | Behavioral therapy, physical or mechanical therapy, surgery |
| What does behavior therapy consist of in relation to sleep apnea? | Weight loss (if obese); Avoidance of alcohol & smoking; Positional therapy |
| What does physical or mechanical therapy consist of for sleep apnea? | Dental appliance or Positive Airway Pressure Device (CPAP or BiPAP) |
| What type of surgery is performed for sleep apnea? | 1) Nasal septum repair 2) Palatal surgery |
| What measures are used to promote sleep? | 1) Adequate assessment 2) Plan activities to maximize time for rest and sleep 3) Provide comfort measures 4) Establish sleep environment 5) Patient education |
| What is involved in order to establish sleep environment? | Presleep/bedtime routine; decrease light & noise; avoid excessive physical & mental stimulation; consistent time for sleep; void before going to bed; avoid alcohol & smoking |
| What would be included in your sleep assessment? | Time goes to bed/gets up; # of sleep hrs; naps-when & how long; feels rested |
| What additional data would you get if sleep problem is indicated? | Symtoms; Medications; Physical health; Emotional status; Major Life Changes; Sleep environment; Use of alcohol/caffeine, things tried to alleviate problem |
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