Question | Answer |
List 4 differentials for cough | LRTI, URTI, COPD, asthma, lung cancer |
Which virus causes shingles? | Human herpesvirus - 3 (HHV-3) |
Where does the chickenpox virus lie dormant in the body after primary infection? | In the dorsal root ganglia of the sensory nervous system |
What are the 2 types of diaphragmatic hernias? | Congenital and hiatus (acquired) |
Where do hiatus hernias occur? | Adjacent to the oesophageal opening |
What symptom are hiatus hernias associated with? | Acid reflux |
What procedures can be done to remove the fluid of a pleural effusion? | Chest drain, thoracocentesis |
What procedures can be done to try to prevent pleural effusions recurring? | Pleurodesis, permanent drain, pleurectomy, pleuroperitoneal shunt |
Describe the pleurodesis procedure | Aims to treat recurrent pleural effusions in mesothelioma patients by adhering the surface of the lung to the interior surface of the chest wall |
Name the different regions of the parietal pleura | Costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic |
Which region(s) of the parietal pleura are supplied by the intercostal nerves? | Costal |
Which region(s) of the parietal pleura are supplied by the phrenic nerves? | Mediastinal and diaphragmatic |
Which nerves supply the visceral pleura? | Nerves from the autonomic pulmonary plexus |
What is epistaxis? | A nosebleed |
Damage to which blood vessels most commonly causes epistaxis? | Blood vessels on the anterior-inferior part of the nasal septum |
A partial airway obstruction at the larynx causes stertor or stridor? | Stridor |
A partial airway obstruction above the larynx causes stertor or stridor? | Stertor |
What could hoarseness be a symptom of? | Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve damage |
What could breathing difficulties and aphonia be a symptom of? | Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve damage |
What is removal of the larynx called? | Laryngectomy |
During which surgical procedure may the recurrent laryngeal nerve be damaged and why? | Thyroid/parathyroid surgery because of the proximity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the thyroid gland |
Why are inhaled foreign bodies more likely to lodge in the right main bronchus than the left? | Because the right main bronchus descends almost straight down from the trachea and is wider and steeper than the LMB |