Question | Answer |
polydipsia | excessive thirst |
polyuria | excessive urination |
early sign of type II DM | nocturia |
Type II DM has a strong __ | genetic predisposition |
two things to check each time a diabetic visits the office | blood pressure and feet |
least common type of diabetes | type 1 |
__% of diabetics are type I | 5-10 |
__% of diabetics are type II | 90-95 |
type I diabetes is caused by __ destruction | beta cell |
__ can destroy beta cells | pancreatitis or autoimmunity |
most common type of diabetes | type II |
patients with __ diabetics have insulin resistance | type II |
formerly called juvenile onset diabetes | type I |
formerly called adult onset diabetes | type II |
women with gestational diabetes can have | big babies |
women with gestational diabetes have a __% chance of developing type II diabetes | 50 |
Habitual physical inactivity | lazy |
diabetes risk factors age greater than __ | 45 |
women with polycystic ovary syndrome have increased __ | androgen levels |
HDL < or = __mg/dl is a diabetes risk factor | 35 |
triglycerides > or = __ is a diabetes risk factor | 250 |
__ ovary syndrome is a diabetes risk factor | polycystic |
FPG > or = 126 mg/dl | diabetes |
FPG <126 mg/dl but > or = 110mg/dl | pre-diabetes |
FPG < 110 mg/dl | normal |
complications of diabetes | stroke, retinopathy, end stage renal disease, heart disease, foot/leg amputation |
screen for end stage renal disease with | microalbumin |
Measures Glucose Levels over 2-3 Month Period | HbA1c |
Cannont be used to diagnose diabetes | HbA1c |
don't order an HbA1c after a | cardiac bypass |
HbA1c will not be accurate in patients with | sickle cell disease, hemolytic anemia, certain drugs, recent trasnfusion |
suggested glucose range for diabetics before meals __mg/dL | 80-120 |
suggested glucose range for diabetics after meals __mg/dL | 100-180 |
suggested glucose range for diabetics at bedtime __mg/dL | 100-140 |
suggested A1c for people with diabetes __% | 7 |
the only current drug used to treat type I diabetes | insulin |
2 problems of type II diabetes | lack of correct glucose secretion, insulin resistance |
best treatment for type II diabetes | lifestyle modification |
ADA target A1c <__% | 7 |
target bp for diabetics | 130/80 |
target LDL for diabetics < or = __mg/dL | 100 |
target HDL for diabetics > __ mg/dL | 35-45 |
regular insulin is | clear |
NPH insulin is | cloudy |
in diabetes get rid of the __ first | low sugars |
we don't use __ insulin treatment anymore | sliding scale |
if you use a sliding scale insulin treatment you will let the patient get __ | sweet (hyperglycemic) |
diabetic ketoacidosis occurs in type __ predominantly | I |
diabetic ketoacidosis can occur in poorly controlled type __ diabetes | II |
diabetic ketoacidosis breathing | Kussmaul breathing |
reasons for DKA | infection, cardiac event, skipped medication |
what can happen if you overreplace fluid in a child with DKA | cerebral edema |
in euglycemia DKA | treat the acid not the sugar |
when shutting off the insulin pump first give a __ | bolus of long acting insulin |
enteral hypoglycemia treatment | 15 gm of carbohydrates |
15 grams of carbohydrates = | 3 glucotabs, 1/2 cup OJ, 5 lifesavers, 1/2 cup regular soda |
parenteral hypoglycemia treatment | D50 IV, glucagon 1 mg IM |
complications of diabetes | atherosclerotic vascular disease, renal disease, neuropathy, retinopathy |
FBS of 126 mg/dL is roughly equivalent to an A1c of __% | 7 |
FBS of 126 mg/dL is roughly equivalent to a 2 hour GTT of __ mg/dL | 200 |
created when proinsulin splits into insulin and C-peptide | connecting peptide |
c-peptide is decreased in __ diabetes | type I |
c-peptide is increased or normal in __ diabetes | type II |
Fasting blood glucose: no caloric intake for at least __ hours | 8 |
Timed blood draw after oral load of a specific amount of glucose | Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT or GTT) |
medications that increase glucose | diuretics, estrogens, beta blockers, corticosteroids |
medications that decrease glucose | acetaminophen, alcohol, propanolol, anabolic steroids |
3 hour GTT Interpretation-normal fasting < __ mg/dL | 95 |
3 hour GTT Interpretation-normal 1 hour < __ mg/dL | 180 |
3 hour GTT Interpretation-normal 2 hour < __ mg/dL | 155 |
3 hour GTT Interpretation-normal 3 hour < __ mg/dL | 140 |
abnormal 3 hour GTT Interpretation is defined as | 2 or more values above reference range |
In normal people, 3-6% of hemoglobin is glycosylated in the form __ | A1c |
gives information about long term glycemic control(previous 8-12 weeks) | HbA1c |
patients with episodic or chronic hemolysis who have larger proportion of young RBCs might have spuriously low levels of | HbA1c |
glycated albumin or glycated serum protein | fructosamine |
Reflects hyperglycemic period within the last few weeks | fructosamine |
Gives information of short term glycemic control | fructosamine |
Useful for patients with chronic hemolytic anemias that cause shortened RBC life span | fructosamine |
urine microalbumin | nephropathy |
most common complication of DM | neuropathy |
these are painless due to peripheral neuropathy | diabetic foot ulcer |
1 out of __ Americans born in the United states in 2000 are at risk for DM | 3 |
Caused by destruction of insulin producing cells | Type I DM |
Diabetes develops during pregnancy and resolves after pregnancy | gestational diabetes |