| Question |
Answer |
| Functional units of the nervous system are ___________. | Neurons |
| Axons are unbranched except _______. | at their ends |
| Most cells in the brain are ______ cells. | glial |
| ___________ provide structural and metabolic support, and participate in the blood brain barrier. | Astrocytes |
| Myelin forming cells in the CNS are _________. | Oligodendrytes |
| Myelin forming cells in the PNS are _________. | Schwann cells |
| Disease during which the myelin sheaths are gradually degraded by the immune system. | Multiple Sclerosis |
| Macrophages in the brain | Microglia |
| Form tracks for migrating neurons during development. | Radial Glia |
| The resting potential arises from uneven distribution of ions across the membrane. Outside is mainly ____. | Na+ |
| The resting potential arises from uneven distribution of ions across the membrane. Inside is mainly ____. | K+ |
| The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain the concentration gradient. Ion movement by the sodium-potassium pump moves how many, and which ion from the inside to the outside. | 3 Na+ |
| The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain the concentration gradient. Ion movement by the sodium-potassium pump moves how many, and which ion from the outside to the inside. | 2 K+ |
| When Na+ leaks down its concentration gradient, in which direction does it move? | Outside to inside |
| When K+ leaks down its concentration gradient, in which direction does it move? | Inside to outside |
| When a cell becomes depolarized, which side is more positive? | outside |
| How can a cell become depolarized? | Open Na channels, Na enters the cell; Open Ca channels, Ca enters the cell; Close K channels |
| When a cell is hyperpolarized, which side is more positive? | The outside |
| When a cell is hyperpolarized, which side is more negative? | The inside |
| When a cell becomes depolarized, which side is more negative? | The inside |
| How can a cell become hyperpolarized? | Open K channels and K exits the cell; open Cl channel and Cl enters the cell |
| _________ is the sudden reversal of the membrane potential and is an all or none response. | Action potential |
| What is the threshold potential voltage? | The voltage at which gated Na+ channels open and reverse the MP to about +50 mV |
| ________ is the period during which no action potentials can be initiated and all sodium channels are inactivated. | Absolute refractory period. |
| _______ is the period during which some sodium channels are inactivated by not all. | Relative refractory period |
| Why is there one-way movement of the neuronal signal? | The refractory period does not allow an action potential to occur. |
| The _______ the diameter, the faster the conduction of a nerve. | Larger |
| The larger the diameter, the _____ the conduction of a nerve. | conduction |
| The action potential jumps from node to node in myelinated nerves. This is called ________. | Saltatory conduction |
| Which is faster, myelinated nerves or nonmyelinated nerves? | Myelinated nerves |
| Which cells make myelin in the CNS? | Oligodendrytes |
| Which cells make myelin in the PNS? | Schwann cells |
| What two types of junctions are there between neurons? | Electrical synapses and chemical synapses |
| The cytoplasm of 2 cells is connected by _______ through which ions can travel from cell to cell. | gap junctions |
| Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the __________ membrane. (presynaptic / postsynaptic) | Postsynaptic |
| How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft | Re-uptake or enzymatic breakdown |
| What breaks down acetylcholine into acetate and choline? | Acetylcholinesterase |
| What kind of receptors bind norepinephrine? | Adrenergic receptors |
| How is norepinephrine degraded? | Mono-aminoxidase (MAO) or taken back up into synaptic vessels in the presynaptic cleft |
| This is also known as excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). | Depolarization |
| What kind of neurotransmitters open cation channels leading to Na+ influx and depolarization? | Glutamate and acetylcholine |
| the current associated with EPSP is called ________. | Excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) |
| The voltage-gated Na+ channel threshold potential is about _________. | -40 mV |
| Axon potentials are triggered at the ___________. | Axon hillock |
| Hyperpolarization is called _________________. | Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
| What does neurotransmitters such as GABA do? | Open Cl- channels that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane which decrease the tendency of the receiving cell to develop action potentials. |
| Which way does chloride usually flow? | inwards |
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