Question | Answer |
CNS central nervous system consists of | brain and spinal cord |
PNS peripheral nervous system consists of | the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord |
three types of neurons | sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons |
somatic nervous system | voluntary portion of the PNS |
autonomic nervous system (ANS) | The involuntary portion of the PNS |
Sympathetic | subdivisions of the ANS, which adapts the body to periods of stress or threats and is often referred to as the "fight or flight system" |
Parasympathetic | subdivisions of the ANS, most active during ordinary, relaxed conditions and is sometimes called the "rest and repose system." |
Cell of NS | Neurons (nerve cell), Glia (support cell) |
Neuron parts | cell body, dendrites, axon |
sensory neurons | transmit impulse to spinal cord and brain from all parts of body. Aka "afferent neurons" |
Motor neurons | transmit impulses away from brain and spinal cord. Conduct impulse to muscle & glandular epithelial tissue. Aka"efferent neurons" |
Interneurons | conduct impulse from sensory neurons to motor neurons. Aka " central or connecting neurons" |
Axon | surrounded by segmented wrapping Myelin. |
Myelin | fatty substance formed by Schwann cells |
Nodes of Ranvier | indentation between adjacent Schwann cells |
Neurilemma | outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell. |
Neuroglia (glia) | holds functioning neurons together and protect them |
Glioma | brain tumor developed from glia |
astrocytes | glia cells, many sizes, star-like, threadlike extension |
Microglia | smaller than astrocytes, usually stationary. can digest damaged cell. |
ogliodendrocytes | hold nerve fibers together in peripheral nervous system only |
multiple sclerosis (MS) | myelin disorder. myelin loss of destruction with oligodendrocyte injury and death |
neuroma | general name for tumors arising in NS structure |
white matter | bundles of axons that are myelinated |
gray matter | unmyelinated axon |
reflex arc | neuron pathway, innervate muscle contraction or gland secretion |
receptors | are the beginning of dendrites of sensory neurons |
effector | muscle or glands that are innervated by a nerve impulse along a motor neuron in a reflex arc |
organs of the nervous system | brain, spinal cord and nerves |
Cells that conduct impulses | neurons |
white matters of CNS | Bundles of myelinated fibers |
saltatory conduction | action potential seems to “jump” from node to node along a myelinated fiber |
pia mater | innermost layer of the meninges |
modulla oblongata, midbrain and pons | three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem |
cerebellum | second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum |
cranial nerve | Nerves that originate from the brain |
pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord | 31 |
obligodendroglia | glia cell produces the myelin that envelopes the nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord |
ventricles | large fluid-filled spaces within the brain |
choroid plexus | Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs here |
dermatome | Skin surface area supplied by a single spinal nerve |
The limbic system integrates | emotion |
autonomic nervous system ANS | subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions |
autonomic nervous system can be divided into | parasympathetic and sympathetic |
effect of sympathetic stimulation on the blood vessels in skeletal muscles is | dilation |
cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell | olfactory |
Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release | Norepinephrine and Acetylcholine |
Medulla oblongata | Lowest part of the brainstem |
cerebellum | Second largest part of the brain |
cerebrovascular accident | Stroke |
Neuroblastoma | Affects young children–highly malignant tumor |
Hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland | A division of the diencephalon |
Hemiplegia | Paralysis of one side of the body |
synapse | signal transmission from one neuron to next |
Neurotransmitter | chemical for neurons to communicate |
PNS | cranial and spinal nerves |
Meninges | protective covering of CNS |
frontal lobe | is the motor area and affects the personality, conscious thought, emotions, and memory |
occipital lobe | affects vision and vision-related reflexes and functions |
temporal lobe | affects hearing, smell, taste, and memory storage |
acetylcholine | is a Neurotransmitter |
Cholinergic fibers | secrete the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) into the synapse and are located on the sympathetic preganglionic neurons, parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons |
Adrenergic fibers | secrete norepinephrine (NE) into the synapse and are located on the sympathetic postganglionic neurons. |
ganglia | AKA peripheral junction box |
Beta blockers | classification of drugs that block the binding of norepinephrine and epinephrine |
Voluntary | functionality of somatic nervous system |
craniosacral system | also refer to as Parasympathetic system |
thoracolumbar system | also refer to as Sympathetic system |
hypothalamus | influence the release of hormones of the endocrine system |
catecholamines | classification neurotransmitters Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin |
Thalamus | play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum |
mixed cranial nerve | carries both sensory and motor fibers |
Somatic nervous system | The voluntary portion of the peripheral nervous system |
Autonomic nervous system | The involuntary portion of the peripheral nervous system |
Sympathetic /Parasympathetic | subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system |
Sympathetic | fight or flight system |
dendrite | highly branched part of the neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body |
microglia | cells that act as microbe-eating scavengers in the CNS |
Schwann cells | cells tha make myelin for axons outside the CNS |
astrocytes | glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier |
obligodendroclyte | cells that make myelin for axons inside CNS |
medulla oblongata | part of the brainstem that contains cardiac, resporatory, and vasomotor centers |
pons | part of brainstem that is a conduction pathway between the brain and body |
midbrain | part of brainstem that contains relays for visual and auditory impulses |
amines | neurotransmitters that synthesized from amino acid molecules |
fissures | deepest sulci (groove) |