Question | Answer |
Odds Ratio | Odds of EXPOSURE in a disease (+) group: Case Control. (Of exposed: Dz+/Dz-) / (Of unexposed: Dz+/DZ-) |
Relative Risk | Risk of DISEASE in an exposure: Cohort. % exposed who are (+)/ % unexposed who are (+) |
Attributable Risk | "Additional Risk" of getting a disease because of an exposure. %(+) with exposure - %(+) without exposure. |
Selection v. Sampling Bias | Selection: Organizers don't properly randomize subjects. Sampling: Those who elect to partake in study don't reflect population. |
Procedure bias | Groups aren't treated the same. |
Type I Error (alpha) | Probability of a "False positive study" alpha is the standard (=.05), compared to p, which is specific to the study result. |
Type II Error (beta) | Probablility of a "False negative study" |
Power (1-beta) | Probability of a "True positive study" Increased by sample size, magnitude of exposed/unexposed difference. |
Standard Deviation (Sigma) | 68% lie within 1 standard deviation of mean, 95% are within 2 standard deviations, 99.7 are within 3 standard deviations. |
Standard Error of the Mean (SEM) | (1 standard deviation)/ (Sqr root of sample size). This is like standard deviation, but accounts for population size. Low SEM -> strong study result. Is used to measure the confidence interval. |
Confidence Interval | = [mean -z(SEM)] to [mean -z(SEM)]. For p=.05, z is set to 1.96. |
T Test | Absolute difference between mean of 2 groups |
ANOVA | Absolute difference between mean of 3+ groups |
Ki^2 | Fraction/percent difference between 2+ groups |
Disease Prevention | (PDR) Primary: Prevent occurence, Secondary: Detection of disease, Tertiary: Reduce disability from disease |
Alcoholism prevention measures | Flu & pneumo vaccinations, TB test |
Reportable diseases | MMR, Chickenpox, Salmonella, Shigella, Hepatitis, STDs, TB |
APGAR Score | 0-2 score x 5: Appearance(limbs+trunk pink), Pulse(100+), Grimace(G+cough), Activity, Respiration(regular) |
Low Birthweight | <2.5kg. Necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, persistent fetal circulation, RDS, infections |
Sleep Stages & Waves | BATS Drink Blood. Awake: (beta), 1 (alpha), 2(theta), 3-4(Sleep spindles & K complexes), 5(Delta, Night terrors & bed wetting), REM (Beta, erections, dreams) |
Raphe Nucleus | Serotonin. Sleep. |
Correlation Coefficient | -1 & 1: direct correlation. 0: no correlation |
Stage 4 sleep | Shortened by benzodiazepines & imipramine. |
Infant Mortality | Congenital, premature/low wt, SIDS, pregnancy complications, RDS |
1-14 Mortality | Injury, cancer, congenital, homicide, HD |
15-24 Mortality | Injuries, Homicide, Suicide, Cancer, HD |
25-64 | Cancer, HD, Injuries, suicide, stroke |
65+ | HD, Cancer, Stroke, COPD, Pneumonia, Influenza |
Berkenson's Bias | Tendency to select hospitalized patients |
Reliable = Precise | Reliable-precise |
Projection | Projecting our own feelings on someone else in similar scenario |
Identification | Modeling behavior after someone else's |
Reaction Formation | Shifting from an inappropriate behavior to the opposite |
Pygmalion Effect | Researcher's beliefs about treatment efficacy affect study |
Hawthorne Effect | Participant awareness of study aims effect behavior->outcome |
Nucleus Ceruleus | Norepinephrine |
Nucleus Basalis of Mynert | AcetylCholine |
Caudate Nucleus | Huntington's Dz |