Question | Answer |
What are hormones derived from? | amino acids, polypeptides/peptides, fatty acids and cholesterol |
What hormones are derived from amino acids? | thyroid hormones, epi, dopamine, norepi, seretonin |
What hormones are derived from fatty acids? | prostaglandins, thromboxanes |
What hormones are derived from cholesterol? | steroids and vitamin D |
Where are the 2 places hormone receptors located? | intracellular and plasma membrane |
What are the intracellular hormone receptors? | nulcear; steroid, thyroid hormones and vitamin D |
What are the plasma membrane hormone receptors? | amino acid derived, fatty acid derivatives and steroids |
What factors influence a hormone’s affect on a cell/tissue? | concentration of hormones, presence, number, sensitivity of receptors, inactivation/clearance of hormone, and pattern ofhormonal release |
What is the functional unit of the endocrine system? | hormones |
What do hormones regulate? | enzyme reactions, transport of ions/molecules across embranes, gene expression and protein synthesis |
What are hormone effects mediated by? | receptors |
What concentrations do hormones have to exert effects? | low concentrations |
What regulates the ability of hormones to affect cells/tissues? | half-life |
What is hemocrine? | hormone released from cell and enters blood vessels |
What is paracrine? | hormone released from cell and interacts with receptor on nearby cells |
What is intercrine? | direct transfer fo messenger molecule into adjacent cells via gap junctions |
What is juxtacrine? | messenger molecule remains associated with cell membrane of signaling cell and interacts with receptor on adjacent cell |
What is autocrine? | hormone secreted and interacts with receptor on same cell |
What is neurocrine? | messenger molecules produced by neurons. Synaptic and non-synaptic |
What is synaptic neurocrine? | messenger molecules traverses synaptic space |
What is non-synaptic neurocrine? | messenger molecule is carried to site of action by ECF or blood. |
What is solicrine? | messenger molecule secreted into lumen of ductal system. (GI, respiratory, urogenital) |
What is intracrine? | uptake of hormonal precursor and intracellular conversion to effective hormone and subsequent binding to intracellular receptors |
What are examples of AA derived hormones? | dopamine, epinephrine, norepi, serotonin, thyroxine and triodothyronine |
What are the 4 classifications of hormones? | AA, peptide/polypeptide, steroid, FA |
What are the 4 types of steroid hormones? | Androgens, Oestrogens, Mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids |
What fatty acid is the precursor to the FA hormones? | arachidonic acid |
What are the 4 things that regulate hormone release? | nerve activation, environmental changes, hormonal stimulation and feedback to endocrine tissue |
What are the 2 types of environmental changes that regulate hormone release? Internal and external | |
What are some internal environmental changes? | metabolic/osmotic |
What is an example of external environmental changes? | stress |
What is an example of hormonal stimulation to regulation of hormone release? | hypothalamus and pituitary target certain organs |
What are the 2 intracellular receptors? | cytoplasmic and nuclear |
What are the plasma membrane receptors? | G proteins, tyrosine kinases, serine/threonine kinases and ion channels |
What are the 3 types of hormone/hormone interactions? | synergistic, antagonistic and permissive |
What is an example of synergistic hormone/hormone interaction? | glucagon and epinephrine |
What is an example of antagonistic hormone/hormone interaction? | insulin and glucagon |
What is an example of permissive hormone/hormone interaction? | steroid priming of hypothalamus/pituitary |
Are plasma transport proteins saturable? | no |
Is there signal transduction with plasma proteins? | no |
What is the concentration of hormone receptors? | low |
What are circadian rhythms? | pattern of secretion is every 24 hours e.g. melatonin |
What is ultradian rhythm? | pattern of secretions are frequent every 90-100 minutes eg. Growth hormone |
What is infradian rhythm? | pattern of secretion is over 24 hours e.g. LH surge |
What is an example of a long feedback loop? | secretion of peripheral gland indirectly affects pituitary hormone |
What is an example of a short feedback look? | secretion of pituitary affects hypothalamic hormone release |
What is an example of ultrashort feedback loop? | a hormone feedback to a cell of its production or a neighboring cell to inhibit further secretion of itself |
What does the parathyroid secrete? | PTH |
What PTH do? | increases blood calcium levels |
What does the placenta secrete? | progesterone |
What are teh classic endocrine organs? | hypothalmus, pituitary, pineal, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testis, ovary, placenta |
What does the adenohypophysis | FLAT PEG
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, GH |
What do the ovaries produce | estrogen, progestins, , inhibins |
What do the testies secrete? | androgens, inhibin |
What does the thyroid secrete? | thyroxine (t4), triiodothyronine (t3) and calcitonin |
What does the adreanal glands secrete? | medulla -- epi, norepi
cortex -- Glomerulosa is aldosterone, fascilata is corticosterones adn reticularis is androgens |
What does the neurohypophysis secrete? | Oxytocin, ADH |
What does the pineal gland secrete? | melatonin |