| Question | Answer |
| What are the TYPES of political advertisements that might appear on television? | Biography
Record
Issue
Attack
Response |
| What are the STYLES of political advertisements that might appear on television? | Talking Head
Documentary
Creative/Production
Info-mercial |
| What are the APPEALS of political advertisements that might appear on television? | Facts
Humor Emotion
Endorsements: Testimonials
Endorsements: Person on the Street |
| Naval Appropriations Bill of 1867 | - Prohibited federal officials from requesting political contributions from workers in the Naval Yard
- Applied to all government workers in Civil Service Reform Act |
| Tillman Act of 1907 | Forbade corporations and banks from directly contributing to candidates for federal offices. |
| Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1910 | Required public disclosure from all congressional candidates. |
| Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 | - Contribution limits on PACs, individuals, parties and candidates to their own campaign
- Expenditure limits on candidates and groups independent of candidates
- Public funding for presidential primary and election candidates.
- EEC |
| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 | - Increased contribution limits
- Prohibited national parties from raising or spending soft money
- Required state & local parties to pay for federal elections with hard money
- Prohibited federal candidates from raising or spending soft money
- No mi |
| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
Continued... | - Prohibited corporations & unions from using soft money for electioneering communications
- Required disclosure of electioneering communications
- Required political parties to choose between making coordinated expenditures or independent expenditures |
| McConnell v. FEC (2003) | - Minors must be allowed to contribute
- Can't limit expenditure of political parties |
| Anthony Downs, "Economic Theory of Democracy" and The Economic Theory of Voter Turnout | If the median voter can be identified, then the choice of candidates and the choice of policies will gravitate toward the positions of the median voter. |
| The Party Identification Model | - Psychological attachment to a political party
- People less partisan today
- Deviating elections makes party registration important |
| The Issues Model | Voting based on issues |
| The Retrospective Model | - Based on what the voters know did happen
- Vote based on the performance of the incumbent |
| Myth of the Independent Model | - The idea of independent voters is a myth
- Independent voters are just as likely to vote for the party they lean towards |
| What factors best explain why voters do not turn out to vote? | - Elections laws prohibit or discourage voting
- Psychological & skill behaviors
- Weak link between party organizations & party in the electorate
- Insufficient information about candidates & offices |
