Question | Answer |
Basic Dogma | DNA -> RNA -> Protein |
Molecular Biology | elucidation of biological principles with the use of nucleic acids |
Nucleic Acid | Nucleotides polymerized by phosphodiester bonds |
DNA | double stranded polymers of deoxyribonucleotides |
RNA | single stranded polymers of unmodified nucleotides |
Chromosome | single molecule of DNA, often millions of base pairs long.
Encode most of a cell's genes |
gene | entire DNA sequence controlling a specific trait, usually by encoding a polypeptide or functional RNA |
Ribose | 5 carbon sugar that constitutes the central moiety of mucleotides |
Ribose carbons important for polymerization | 3' and 5' |
Bases | side groups of nucleotides attached to teh 1' carbon of ribose |
5 bases | cytosine
urasil
thymine
guanine
adenine |
Pyridimine | base with one ring
cytosine, uracil or thymine |
purine | nucleotide with a base with 2 rings
adenine or quanine |
nucleoside | base attached to 1' carbon of ribose without a phosphorylated 5' end |
nucleotide | nucleic acid subunit consisting of ribose with a 5' phoshporylated carbon, and base bound to th 1' carbon |
Deoxynucleotide | modified nucleotide that lacks the 2' hydroxyl group of its ribose moiety
Used to produce DNA |
Subunits of nucleic acids are produced by linking them together with ______________ bonds. | phosphodiester |
What carbons are bonded betweens the nucleic acids | 3' hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate of an incoming nucleotide |
Subunits of nucleic acids are produced by linking them together with ______________ bonds. | phosphodiester |
What carbons are bonded betweens the nucleic acids | 3' hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate of an incoming nucleotide |
What direction does nucleotide polymerization occur? | 5' -> 3' |
Distinctions between RNA and DNA | 1) DNA lacks 2' Hydroxyls
2) DNA has Thymidine, RNA uses Uridine
3) DNA is much larger than RNA
4) DNA forms double helices
5) DNA is methylated |
DNA length | millions of base pairs long |
RNA length | ~50 - 40000 nucleotides long |
Why is DNA methylated? | so that RNAase does not recognize it and degrade it |
Annealing or reannealing | to allow denatured DNA strands to reform double helices
done by heading solution and cooling SLOWLY |
Base pairs in double helix are held together by | hydrogen bonds |
Complimentary | two strands to have matching, mirror image sequences, so tha every A of one strand is paired with a T of the otehr. |
Antiparallel | the two strands of teh double helix are in opposit, 5' - 3' orientation |
denaturing, deannealing or melting DNA | for double helices to dissociate into single strands due to adverse conditions such as elevated temperature |
Hybridizaiont | 2 strands from different sources to anneal |
Antisense RNA | RNA with a sequence complimentary to a DAN or RNA.
Antisense RNA will form a double helix |
Charge of DNA and RNA | Negatively charged acids |
Major groove | wide space in the ribbon model |
Minor groove | narrow span |
Alternate conformations of DNA | B DNA
A DNA
Z DNA
Triple-helical DNA |
B DNA | normal double helix |
A DNA | more compact than B DNA with more tilt to the base pairs |
Z DNA | left handed double helix, characteristic of regions. may be involved in repression |
Triple Helical DNA | forms between two polypyrimidine and one polypurine strands.
totally test tube |