Question | Answer |
PNS | various nerves and nerve masses that connect the brain and spinal cord with receptors muscles and glands |
afferent | conveys information from the CNS to muscles and glands |
efferent | conveys information form the receptors to the CNS |
neurons | conduct impulses either to or from the CNS |
neuroglia | provide special support and protection |
glio | neuroglia or a sticky substance |
axons are surrounded by ? | white lipid covering called a myelin sheath |
synaptic bulb | releases a chemical neurotransmitter that inhibits or enhances a nervous impulse |
acetylcholine | muscle contraction |
sensory neurons | transmit nerve impulses toward the spinal cord and the brain |
motor neurons | transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord |
meninges and circulating cerebrospinal fluid | protect brain and spinal cord |
sub/dural | area between the dura mater and arachnoid |
myelo | spinal cord (sometimes bone marrow) |
cerebrum is concerned with the? | interpretation of impulses and all voluntary muscle activities |
the two cerebral hemispheres are divided by? | a longitudinal fissure |
convoluted layer of gray matter | cerebral cortex |
the lobe deep within the brain | insula |
sciatic nerve | two nerves bound together by a common sheath of connective tissue; largest nerve in the body |
intra/thecal | within a sheath or the spinal canal |
cavities in the brain that produce CSF are called? | cerebral ventricles |
receptors | sensory nerve endings that respond to stimulation |
autonomic system is composed of what two divisions? | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
activation of the sympathetic division causes | fight or flight |
parasympathetic division | counter acts fight or flight |
Cholinergenic fibers release? | acetylcholine |
Adrenergic fibers release | epinephrine |
chemo/receptors | nose and tongue |
anosmia | loss or impairment of smell |
dacryo | tear |
kerato | cornea; hard, horny |
iro, irido | iris |
the eyelids as well as the anterior portion or the sclera are lined with a mucus membrane called? | conjunctiva |
another name for lacrimal sac is? | dacryo/cyst |
retina | innermost layer of the eye that contains photoreceptors |
optic nerve | carries nervous impulses to the cerebrum and enables vision |
cochlea | contain receptors for hearing |
semicircular canals | sense of balance |
-alesia | sensitivity to pain |
-esthesia | sensitivity to pain |
-astheina | weakness |
-lexia | words, phrases |
paresthesia | subjective sensation of numbness and tingling |
cluster headaches | intense unilateral pain that do not last long |
dys/arthria | difficult, poorly articulated speech, usually caused by damage to a central or peripheral motor nerve |
cerebral vascular accident | stroke, insufficient oxygen to the brain tissue caused by hemorrhage, occlusion, vaso spasm or constriction of blood vessels |
ischemic strokes | inadequate blood flow to brain caused by partial or complete occlusion of a cerebral artery |
transient ischemic attack | caused by a brief interruption in cerebral blood flow. Symptoms include dizziness, weakness and numbness, disturbance of vision |
thrombotic strokes | caused by plaque deposits that build up on the interior of a cerebral artery |
embolic strokes | caused by cerebral embolus, plug of matter (usually blood clot) |
diplegia | paralysis of similar parts on both sides of the body |
bells palsy | facial paralysis that affects one side of the face |
cerebral palsy | motor function disorder caused by permanent non progressive brain defect present at birth |
huntington chorea | hereditary disorder, symptoms include jerky movements and mental changes |
poliomyelitis | viral, attacks the gray matter of spinal cord and parts of the brain. Can be prevented by immunization |
tetanus | toxin that attacks the nervous system and results in muscle rigidity and spasms, AKA lock jaw |
morton neuroma | benign tumor composed of neurons and fibers that occur in the foot |
parkinson disease | affects motor ability; muscle rigidity, brady kinesia and tremor |
multiple sclerosis | myelin sheath deteriorates, replaced with scar tissue that interferes with the transmission of nerve impulse. Characterized by paresthesia |
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | aka Lou Gehrig disease. Characterized by atrophy of hands, forearms and legs |
my/asthenia gravis | defect in the condition of verve impulses at the neuromuscular junction |
hordeolum | stye, infected sebaceous gland of an eyelash |
astigmatism | uneven focusing of the image, resulting from distortion of the curvature of the lens or cornea |
presby/opia | hyperopia and impairment of vision due to advancing years or old age |
phreno | mind or diaphragm |
observable pathologic condition of the brain include? | mental retardation, dementia,and alzheimers disease |
autism | withdrawal and impaired development in social interaction and communication |
agoraphobia | abnormal fear of public places |
arachnohobia | abnormal fear of spiders |
acrophobia | abnormal fear of heights |
dissociative disorder | separation or spit in personality occurs resulting in altered state of consciousness or confusion in identity |
megalo/mania | one believes oneself to be a person of great importance |
klepto/mania | abnormal urge to steal |
somatoform disorders | symptoms suggesting physical illness or disease, for which there are no demonstrable causes |
hypo/chondr/iasis | hypochondria, abnormal concern about the health of the body |
psychosis | major mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing |
schizo/phrenia | gross distortion of reality, hallucinations, disturbances of language and communication |
burr hole | drilled into the skull, used to drain or irrigate an abscess |
stereotaxis | system of three dimensional coordinates to locate a site to be operated on or irradiated |
opioid analgesics | act on CNS for pain, morphine and codeine |
radial keratotomy | reduces or eliminates the need for further correction of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. The EXCIMER LASER is used |
vago/tomy | severing the vagus nerve to reduce the amount of acid secreted in the stomach |