Term | Definition |
hypercalcemia | excess of calcium in the blood |
decalceification | removal of calcium in the bones |
kyphosis | abnormal condition of of posterior curvature of the spine (humpback) |
laminectomy | removal of lamina |
lordosis | abnormal condition of exaggerated anterior curvature of the spine (swayback) |
lumbar | pertaining to the lower back |
lumbosacral | pertaining to the lower back and the sacrum |
myelopoiesis | formation of bone marrow |
orthopedics | medical specialty dealing with bone disorders |
osteitis | inflammation of bone |
osteodsytrophy | poor development of bone |
osteogenisis
osteogenisis imperfecta) | formation of bone
(brittle bone disease) |
scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature in the spine |
spondylosis | abnormal condition of the vertebrae |
vertebroplasty | surgical repair of a vertebra |
osteoblast | immature bone cell |
osteoclast | cell that breaks down and removes bone |
spondylolithesis | forward slipping of a vertebra over a lower vertebra |
osteomalacia | softening of bone |
epiphysis | the end of a long bone (to grow above) |
pubic symphysis | area where the pubic bones grow together |
osteoporosis | abnormal condition of loss of bone tissue and decrease in bone mass |
osteotome | an instrument to cut bone |
osteoclasis | surgical breaking of bone |
acetabular | pertaining to the hip socket (acetabulum) |
calcaneal | pertaining to the heel (calcaneus) |
carpal | pertaining to the wrist bones (carpals) |
supraclavicular | pertaining to above the collar bone (clavicle) |
subcostal | pertaining to below the ribs |
chondrocostal | pertaining to the cartilage attached to the ribs |
craniotomy | process of cutting into the skull (cranium) |
craniotome | instrument to cut the skull |
femoral | pertaining to the thigh bone (femur) |
fibular | pertaining to the fibula (smaller lower leg bone) |
humeral | pertaining to the humerus (upper arm bone) |
iliac | pertaining to the ilium (upper part of the pelvic bone) |
ischial | pertaining to the ishchium (posterior part of the pelvic bone) |
malleolar | pertaining to the malleolus (process on each side of the ankle) |
mandibular | pertaining to the mandible (lower jaw bone) |
maxillary | pertaining to the maxilla (upper jawbone) |
metacarpectomy | removal of he metacarpals (hand bones) |
metatarsalgia | pain in metatarsals (foot bones) |
olecranal | pertaining to the elbow (olecranon |
patellar | pertaining to the kneecap (patella) |
pelvimetry | measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis |
peroneal | pertaining to the fibula |
phalangeal | pertaining to the phalanges (fingers or toe bones) |
pubic | pertaining to the pubis (anterior part f the pelvic bone) |
radial | pertaining to the radius (forearm bone-thumb side) |
scapular | pertaining to the shoulder blade (scapula) |
sternal | pertaining to the sternum (breastbone) |
tarsectomy | removal of the tarsals (bones of the hindfoot) |
tibial | pertaining to the tibia (shin bone) |
ulnar | pertaining to the ulna (forearm bone-pinky side) |
Ewing sarcoma | rare malignant tumor arising in bone; often occurring in children |
extosis | bony growth(benign) arising from the surface of bone |
fracture | traumatic breaking of bone |
colles fracture | near the wrist at distal end of radius |
comminuted fracture | bone is crushed and splintered into several pieces |
compression fracture | bone collapses or is compressed; occurs in vertebrae |
green stick fracture | bone is partially broke, breaks on one surface and bends on another; often occurring in forearm |
impacted fracture | one fragment is driven firmly into the other; at the head of the femur or head of humerus |
osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma) | common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found in children and adolescents |
osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection |
articular cartilage | smooth glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint |
bursa | sac of fluid near a joint |
ligament | connective tissue binding bones to other bones |
tendon | connective tissue that binds muscles to bones |
ankylosis | abnormal stiffening of a joint |
arthroplasty | surgical repair of a joint |
arthrotomy | incision of a joint |
hemarthrosis | abnormal condition of blood in a joint |
hydrarthrosis | abnormal condition of fluid in joints |
polyarthritis | inflammation of many joints |
bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
achondroplasia | a condition due to a defect in the formation of cartliage and bone |
chondroma | benign tumor of cartilage |
chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
ligamentous | pertaining to a ligament |
rhematologist | a specialist in the study of joints and joint disorders |
synovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane |
tenorrhaphy | suture of a tendon |
tenosynovitis | inflammation of a tendon and its sheath |
tendinitis | inflammation of a tendon |
arthrodesis | a surgical fusion of a joint |
spinal stenosis | narrowing of the spinal canal |
fasciotomy | incision of the fascia |
fibromyalgia | pain of the fibrous connective tissue and muscle |
leiomyoma | tumor of smooth muscle |
leiomyosarcoma | cancerous tumor of smooth muscle |
myalgia | muscle pain |
electromyography (EMG) | process of recording the strength of muscle contraction after electrical stimulation |
myopathy | disease of a muscle |
myocardial | pertaining to the heart muscle |
myositis | inflammation of a muscle |
plantar flexion | bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground |
rhabdomyoma | tumor of the skeletal muscle |
rhabdomyosarcoma | cancerous tumor of skeletal muscle |
sarcopenia | loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging |
myastenia gravis | a neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles |
atrophy | decrease in cell size |
hypertrophy | increase in cell size |
amytrophic | pertaining to no muscle development |
abduction | movement away from the midline away from the body |
adduction | movement towards the midline of the body |
dorsiflexion | process of bending back |
polymyalgia | pain of many muscles |
arthritis | inflammation of any joint |
ankylosing spondylitis | chronic progressive arthritis primarily of the spine |
gouty arthritis (gout) | inflammation and painful swelling of joints cause by excessive uric acid in the body |
osteoarthritis (OA) | progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone articular surfaces |
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an
autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial
membrane |
bunion | enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big
toe (metatarsophalangeal joint) |
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and
the bones and tendons of the wrist |
dislocation | Displacement of a bone from its joint |
ganglion cyst | Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons, typically in
the hand |
Lyme disease (Lyme
arthritis) | Disorder marked by arthritis, myalgia, and malaise; cause is a
bacterium carried by a tick. |
sprain | Trauma to ligaments without rupture. |
systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) | Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin,
kidneys, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs |
flexion | Decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb |
extension | Increasing the angle between two bones; straightening out a limb. |
supination | the act of turning the palm up |
pronation | the act of turning the palm
down |
fascia | Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles |
insertion of a muscle | Connection of the muscle to a bone that moves |
origin of a muscle | Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone |
striated muscle | Muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle |
visceral muscle | Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle. |
rheumatoid factor test (RF) | Serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis |
arthroscopy | Visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope and television camera |
bone density test (bone
densitometry) | Low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and
wrist is used to measure bone mass. |
computed tomography (CT) | X-ray beam and computer provide cross-sectional and other images. |
diskography | X-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after
injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk). |
magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) | Magnetic field creates images of soft tissue |
muscle biopsy | Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination |