Question | Answer |
Name the 3 diagnostic retinal dyes. | Fluorescein, Indocyanine Green, and Infracyanine Green |
What is the most common retinal dye that's utilized and what are the side effects? | Fluorescein Sodium / Yellow or orange urine, Nausea, Headache, Upset Stomach |
What is the name of the drug used in PDT (Photo Dynamic Therapy)? | Verteporfin (Visudyne®) |
What are the main side effects for Verteporfin(Visudyne®)? | Headache, Skin and eyes light sensitivity, blurred vision |
What does VEGF stand for? | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor |
What are the brand names of the two most commonly used Anti-VEGF drugs? | Avastin® and Lucentis® (Eyelea® is the newest) |
What types of issues may indicate a problem with VEGF? | CSME- Leakage of blood vessels in maculae and New blood vessel growth (Neovascularization (Diabetes, Vein occlusions, etc) |
What are some complications that arise with Anti-VEGF usage? | Increased IOP, Vitreous hemorrhage, Uveitis, Endophthalmitis |
What is PRP and what is it used to treat? | Pan Retinal Photocoagulation. Treats areas of ischemia (Areas of non-perfusion) to reduce stimulus for neovascularization in retina or iris.. |
What dye is used to stain the anterior lens capsule or epiretinal membranes? | Methylene Blue (Trypan Blue® and Vision Blue®) |
What is the difference between ICG and IFCG? | ICG (Indocyanine Green) has iodine and IFCG (Infracyanine Green) has no iodine and is more isotonic |
Can you draw the Simplified Allergic Reaction? | **DRAW THIS*** |
How do anti-histimines act? | Block H-1 receptors at their site |
How do mast cell stabilizers act? | Prevent mast cell degranulation |
What are the symptoms of allergies? | Itching, swelling, redness- mainly itching |
What class drugs are used for the lowest level allergy treatment? | Astrigents, artificial tears, ocular decongestants |
What class drugs are used for mild allergy treatment? | Antihistamines |
What class drugs are used for moderate allergy treatment? | Mast cell stabilizers (tendency is to use the newer ones which combine antihistamine for faster action and mast cell stabilizers for stronger (but delayed) action. |
What class drugs are used for severe allergy treatment? | Topical steroids may be required for short term use |
Name three vasoconstrictor/decongestants? | Phenylephrine (neosynephtrine), Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline, Tetrahydrozoline (All end in -zoline except the first. All very weak solutions- about 1/8%) |
What are the possible side effects of vasoconstrictors and decongestants? | Dilation of iris in a compromised cornea, stinging, rebound with overuse. |
What is the generic name of the newest antihistimine, which is used only once/day? | Alcaftadine. |
How long does it take for Alcaftadine to work and how long does it last? | In minutes. Lasts 16 hours. |
What are the side effects of oral anti-histamines? | Dry eyes, drowsiness, blurred vision, dry mouth, headache |
What are pure mast cell stabilizers used for? | Long term use against allergic conjunctivitis. |
How long does it take for pure mast cell stabilizer to take full effect? | These take several weeks. |
What do you tell the patient about pure mast cell stabilizers and their side effects? | They sting and take several weeks to work. use prophylactically before symptoms begin. Do not use with contacts in place. Side effects: Unpleasant taste, cough, throat irritation, and they sting. |
What is the advantage of the mast cell stabilizer/antihistamine combination? | Fast action along with good effect for chronic use. They are the most effective but they cost more. Work both prophylactically and during allergic flare ups. |
What are three generic names of mast cell stabilizers/antihistamine combination new drugs? | Olpatadine, Ketotifen, Bepotastine (Bepreve®) |
Which mast cell stabilizers/antihistamine combination is available over the counter? | Ketotifen |
Vernal and atopic conjunctivitis long term treatment is with what? | Mast cell stabilizers- pure mast cell stabilizers are cheaper. |
What do we treat chronic soft contact lens intolerance with? | Mast cell stabilizers |
What do you tell patients about mast cell stabilizers used for vernal and atopic conjunctivitis and chronic soft contact lens intolerance? | Takes 3-4 weeks to act. Should be used prophylactically, not for acute attack (now primarily using the combined newer combo ones) |