Question | Answer |
Increased blood pressure and delayed onset over an hour is a sign of anaphylaxis reaction. T or F | F |
What are some signs of anaphylaxix reaction? | Decreased blood pressure / Difficulty breathing / Rapid, weak pulse / Onset within 20-30 minutes |
What drugs are used to decrease corneal edema? | Mannitol, Hyperosmotics, Glycerine, 5%NaCl |
What preservative is the most toxic to the cornea? | BAK |
What are some sympathomimetic effects? | Dilated pupil, Deep, rapid breathing, Dry mouth |
What is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system? | Norepinephrine |
The neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system is? | Acetylcholine |
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? | Constriction of pupil, Lens accommodation, Flush skin |
What diagnosis Myasthenia Gravis? | IV Tensilon® (edrophonium), Ice to the lids, Measure Acetylcholinestrerase levels |
What drops are occasionally used to reverse mydriasis in the office? | Dapiprazole |
What is true about Botulinum? | Treatment of strabismus, Is a toxin, Blocks release of acetylcholine |
What is the longest acting Cycloplegic drug? | Atropine |
What is the shortest Cycloplegic drug? | Tropicamide (Mydriacyl®) |
What is the drug of choice for routine cycloplegia in a child? | Cyclopentolate |
Cycloplegia is useful for what? | Exposing latent hyperopia / Reducing spasm of inflammation / Preventing and treating posterior synechia / Assessing refractive error |
Mydriatics paralyze accommodation as well as dilate. T or F | False |
Cycloplegics paralyze accommodation as well as dilate. T or F | True |
What is commonly used in Office practice? | Topical Anesthetics |
What is true of Tamsulosin (Flomax®)? | May cause floppy iris syndrome in cataract surgery / Is an Alpha 1 blocker / Used to treat prostate enlargement |
What are drugs that block the parasympathetic system called? | Parasympatholytics / Parasympathic antagonists/ Cholinergic antagonists |
What is commonly used for surgery? | Carbachol (Miostat®)/ Acetyl choline (Miochol®)/ Viscoelastics |
What drugs are Beta Blockers? | Timolol– (Timoptic®) glaucoma drug |
What are the side effects of Cycloplegics? | Glare, photo sensitivity / Reduced near vision / Stinging / Reduced depth perception |
What is true about Neosynephrine? | Burning and Stinging / May raise the bp / Blanches superficial blood vessels / Dilates the pupil |
Beta Blockers must be used with caution with what types of patients? | Patients with low bp, All elderly patients |
Filter paper strips are impregnated with what dyes? | Lissamine Green / Fluorescein / Rose Bengal |
Name the adrenergic receptors. | Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, and Beta-2 |
Name the cholinergic receptors. | Muscarinic and nicotinic |
What drugs are indirect cholinergics? | Echothiophate, Edrophonium, Physostigmine |
What two drugs are used in the diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis? | Edrophonium, Physostigmine |
What is the approximate time of onset of full cycloplegic effect and its approximate duration effects for Atropine. | 1 day and 1 day |
What is the approximate time of onset of full cycloplegic effect and its approximate duration effects for Cyclopentolate. | 40 mins/40 mins |
What is the approximate time of onset of full cycloplegic effect and its approximate duration effects for Tropicamide. | 25 mins/ 35 mins |
Dapiprazole is effective reversing the action of what drug? | Phenylephrine (neosynephrine). Less effective for Tropicamide, and not as effective against the rest. |
Name the two most common ophthalmic sympathomimetic eye drops for dilating. | Phenylephrine and Hydroxyamphetimine (the later only used by optometrists) |
Name the main three ophthalmic parasympatholytic eye drops for cycloplegia. | Atropine, Cyclopentolate, and Tropcicamide (strongest to weakest) |
Topical fluorescein stains what part of the eye? | Cornea only |
Topical Lissamine Green and Rose Bengal stain what part of the eye? | Cornea and conjunctiva |
A dry spot on the cornea with fluorescein appears as what? | Black (dark) unstained area |
How does Indocyanine Green differ from Infracyanine Green? | ICG (Indocyanine) contains Iodine. IFCG does not, and is more isotonic |
Trypan Blue or methylene blue is mainly used to stain what two structures of the eye? | Anterior lens capsule and epiretinal membranes to make them more visible for surgery. |
What are the side effects of the indirect cholinergic agents and why are they not used today? | Intense miosis (causes severe brow and headache), retinal detachments, Iris cysts (This was a board question last year). |