Question | Answer |
what are the functions of the glycocalyx? | cellular attachment to extracellular matrix components; binding of antigens and enzymes to the cell surface; facilitates cell-cell recognition; absorption of molecules |
what are the 2 types of chromatin in the nucleus? | euchromatin, heterochromatin |
which chromatin is basophilic and transcriptionally inactive? | heterochromatin |
which chromatin is lightly stained and is very transcriptionally active? | euchromatin |
where is the site of noncytosolic protein synthesis? | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
rER is common in what kind of cells? | those that synthesize secretory proteins |
sER is most commonly found in what kind of cells? | steroid synthesizing cells |
sER is involved with which processes? | drug detoxification, muscle contraction and relaxation, and synthesis of trig/chol |
what are the functions of the golgi process? | carbohydrate synthesis, processing of noncytosolic proteins synthesized in the rER, & membrane retrieval, recycling, & redistribution |
what are residual bodies? | leftover lysosomes |
cell-cell adhesions are together at what point? | along the side |
cell-extracellular matrix adhesions are together at what point? | at the base |
examples of cell-cell adhesions? | cadherins and integrins |
what are zonula occludens? | site of membrane interdigitation |
what are zonula adherens? | cell-cell Adhesions; Strongest cell-cell adhesion |
how is the zonula adherens stabilized? | organization of the actin cytoskeleton into adhesions belts |
what are desmosomes? | Button-like intercellular “rivets” |
what are some “non-classical” cadherins? | desmoglein, desmoplakin |
another name for desmosomes? | Macula adherens |
what are gap junctions? | channels between cells; allows for mixing ions & small molecules, and are usually gated |
what are hemi-desmosomes? | sites of localized interaction with ECM; found at the base of cells anchoring them to the underlying connective tissue |
how are desmosomes and hemi-desmosomes stabilized? | intermediate filaments |
what are focal adhesions? | sites of localized interaction with ECM; dynamic and constantly undergoing change by linking and releasing actin |
what is the cell coat, which is composed of glycoproteins that project from the apical plasma membrane of the epithelia cells to aid in absorption? | glycocalyx |
what color does the nucleus of a cell appear with H & E stain? | blue |
chromatin is made of what two things (not the two types of chromatin)? | DNA and histones |
which chromatin is condensed DNA? | heterochromatin |
which chromatin is DNA more readily available for transcription? | euchromatin |
the nucleolus is made from what kind of RNA? what is its function? | mRNA; synthesis of ribosomes |
what are examples of noncytosolic proteins? | secretory, plasma-membrane, and lysosomal proteins |
cytoplasm with abundant rER appears what color in H&E stain? | basophilic |
cells with large amounts of sER may exhibit distinct ____ under LM? | eosinophilia |
peroxisomes are also called what? | microbodies |
why do peroxisomes contain peroxides and catalase? | oxidative digestion of things like fatty acids |
how do mitochondria appear under LM in hepatocytes and neurons? | very small, dark dots |
residual bodies not exocytosed from the cell can appear as what? | lipofuscin pigment |
examples of cell inclusion are: | carbohydrates (melanosomes and melanin), lipids, crystalline structures and pigments |
lipofuscin and hemoglobin breakdown pigmenst are what color? | yellowish-brown |
what is another name for a tight junction? | zonula occludens |
how are focal adhesions stabilized? | organization of actin cytoskeleton into stress fibers |
zonula occludens are mediated by what? | occluden |
zonula adherens are mediated by what? | cadherin |
hemi-desmosomes are mediated by what? | integrins |
focal adhesions are mediated by what? | integrins |
which structures mediate signal transduction? | focal adhesions |
what are two nonmembranous organelles? | ribosomes, centrioles |
which structures are stabilized by the organization of the actin cytoskeleton into adhesions belts? | zonula adherens |
gap junctions are mediated by what? | connexins |