Question | Answer |
integument means | covering |
integumentary system consists of | skin and appendages |
why is the skin a membrane | because a thin layer of tissue that covers the entire body |
what is the largest organ of the body | skin |
what are the three main functions of skin | protection, regulation, receptors |
first line of dense from microbes, chemicals, UV rays are all to be consider what | protection |
what protects us to a degree | melanin |
what is a function of regulation | body tempature |
What is included into body tempature | radiation, conduction, convection, hypothermia, hyperthermia |
what is hypothermia | the condition of having an abnormally low body temperature, typically one that is dangerously low. |
what is hyperthemia | the condition of having a body temperature greatly above normal. above 104 degrees |
what is a function of regulation | vitamin D |
how do you get vitamin d | UV rays from the sun stimulate the production of vitamin d progenitor molecules by the skin. then molecules travel to liver and kidneys where they mature into vitamin D |
vitamin D is essential for what | metabolism of calcium |
what two organs mature vitamin D | kidneys and liver |
what is a function of receptors | sensation, |
what all does sensation include | touch/pressure, pain, warmth, cold |
what acts as receptors for sensation | nerve endings |
what a three types of receptors | thermoreceptors,nociceptors, mechanoreceptors |
thermoreceptors means | temperature |
nociceptors means | pain |
mechanoreceptors mean | touch/pressure/strech |
receptors send messages to where and for what | cerebral cortex for interpretation |
merkel discs (cells) mean | touch impulses |
pacinian corpuscles means | sense pressure and vibrations |
messiner's corpuscles means | sense changes in texture and slow vibrations |
ruffini corpuscles means | senses slipping and stretching |
krause end blubs are also known as | mucocutaneous corpuscles |
krause end bulbs mean | detect temperature |
what are the structures of the integumentary system | epidermis, dermis, appendages of the skin |
what is located in the dermis | subcutaneous layer |
what is located in the appendages of the skin | sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails |
squamous epithelium is like | scales, and is tightly packed together |
what is the outer most layer of the skin and is avascular | epidermis |
what is composed of the epidermis | stratified squamous keratinized epithelium |
does the epidermis contain blood vessels | no |
what are the layers of the epidermis (in order) | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale |
the deepest layer of the epidermis | stratum germinativum |
what contains the only cells that perform mitosis | stratum germinativum |
stratum is also known as | stratum basale |
what is the stratum basale | layer that rests on the superficial fascia |
what layer contains melanocytes | stratum germinativum |
what is produced in the stratum germinativum | melanin |
many layers and has spiny-shaped cells is known as what layer | stratum spinosum |
stratum granulosum contains what | 2-3 layers thick, flattened cells, granules accumulate here |
where is the stratum lucidum located | just below the stratum corneum |
stratum lucidum contains what | cells that are transparent and flat, 1-2 layers thick |
the outermost layer of the epidermis is | startum corneum |
stratum corneum consist of what | dead cells converted to protein |
stratum corneum is surround by | lipids |
what is constantly being sloughed off | dandruff |
how is the thickness of the stratum conreum determinded | by the amount of stimulation or pressure |
callus means | area exposed to much abrasion and friction |
corn means | abrasions on bony prominences of the foot |
where is dandruff being constantly sloughed off at | stratum corneum |
what is the deeper layer of the skin | dermis |
dermis is also known as | corium |
where is the dermis located | below the epidermis |
what does the dermis contain | capillary vessels, nerves, hair, collicles, and glands |
what is the dermis composed of | loose fibrous connective tissue |
how many layers is the dermis divided into | two |
what are the divisions of the dermis | papillary layer and reticular layer |
what is a subdivison of the papillary layer | dermal papilae |
what does the dermis look like | cells loosely packed together (mostly connective tissue) |
subcutaneous layer is also known as | hypodermis |
what does the subcutaneous layer connect | dermis to underlying structures |
what does the subcutaneous layer consist of | areolar and adipose tissue |
cells that store fat are known as | adipocytes |
subcutaneous layer does and acts as what | insulates from cold and acts as cushion for internal organs |
whats a characteristic of all mammals | hair |
genetic factors relate to what | amount of hair growth |
what layer of cells is responsible for mitosis and continuously is pushed up fro the basement membrane | deepest layer |
what does hair growth begin at | hair bulb |
how long does scalp hair grow and rest for | grow: 3 years rest: 1-2 years |
what allows for new hair growth | presense of the hair follicles |
what are considered to be hair areas | cuticle, cortex, medulla, shaft, hair root, arrector pili muscle |
cuticle means | outermost portion |
cortex means | underneath the cuticle |
medulla means | central portion |
shaft means | visible portion |
hair root means | inside hair follicle in the stratum germinativum |
arrector pili muscle means- | attached to hair follicle |
what controls if the hair is curly, straight, kinky | genetics |
what is determined by heredity and some environmental factors | color of the hair |
alopecia means | partial or complete absense of hair from areas of the body where it normally grows;baldness |
what is excessive hairness, especially in women | hirsutism |
onxy/onych means | nail |
nails are made up of | very hard keratinized cells |
what are consider nail areas | lunula, nail body, nail root, cuticle, free edge |
lunula means | white half moor shaped area at nail base |
nail body means | visble area |
nail root means | inside the nail bed |
cuticle means | layer of stratum corneum extending over the nail body |
what are along the walls of hair follicles | sebaceous glands |
what produces sebum | sebaceous glands |
what are oily substances that lubricates the skin | sebum |
vernix caseosa and acne are apart of the | sebaceous glands |
where are sebaceous glands located | throughout the body and have the largest number in the face |
sebaceous glands are very active during what | puberty |
what happens to the sebaceous glands during puberty | excess sebum, glands become clogged (blackheads), and easily infected (pimples) |
what is the largest sebaceous gland called and where is it located | meibomian gland, eyelids |
sweat glands are also known as | sudoriferous glands |
what are the two main types of sudoriferous glands | merocrine and apocrine |
where are sudoriferous glands mostly found in | most body regions except margins of lips and head of penis |
what do sudoriferous glands consist of and produces what | secretory portion and excretory and body odor |
modified glands of the sudoriferous glands are | ceruminour, ciliary, mammary |
where is the ceruminous glands located in | dermis of the auditory canal |
what does the ceruminous gland secrete | yellow substance cerumen |
what is cerumen | ear wax yellow substancce |
what does cerumen prevent | auditory canal and tympanic membrane from drying out |
what is the blood supply made up of | arterioles |
what are arterioles used for | maintaining body tempertature |
vasodilate means | increasing blood flow to the dermis, transferring heat to the skin surface to escape from the body |
melanin, albinism, and cyanosis are all what | skin pigmenation |
concentrations determine the variations in skin color of individuals and races as well as suntans and freckles is known as | melanin |
recessive gene or mutation that prevents the production of melanin is known as | albinism |
caused by a lack of blood oxygen or decreased blood flow; turns skin blueish-gray color is known as | cyanosis |
what do langerhans cells do | attack cancer cells, phaocytize bacteria that enter through breaks in the skin, attract T-cells (important in allergic reactions) |
ringworm | fungus; examples: athletes foot and jock itich |
psoriasis | unknown cause, red patches covered with thick dry scales, overproduction of epithelial cells |
warts | human papillomavirus, uncontrolled growth of epidermal tissue, direct contact |
cold sores | herpes simplex virus, can be active or inactive |
impetigo | staphylococcus aureus, blisters erupt with pus, direct contact, highly contagious |
shingles | herpes zoster, remains inactive until triggered, vesicular skin eruptions |
vitiligo | irregular patches of non-pigmented skin |
skin cancer | UV radiation |
types of skin cancer | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma |
basal cell carcinoma means | topical, easily treated |
squamous cell carcinoma | giant tumor that contains much kertain, can spread |
malignant melanoma | most dangerous, starts with a mole, as a dark nodule, or spreading of glat lesion |
kaposi sarcome | rare form of skin cancer that is usually associated with AIDS |
what is one of the most serious and frequent problems to affect the skin | burn |
burns can happen by | heat or cold, chemicals, gases, electricity, and radiation |
what are burns classified by | degree indicating depth of burn |
first degree burns are | partial thickness, affects only epidermis, heals 1 week, no scaring or blisters |
what are the symptoms of first degree burns | slight swelling, erythema, pain |
second dgree burns involve what | epidermis and dermis |
superficial burns include | no scare and heal in about 2 weeks |
deep burns include | scar, long heal time, may require debridement and skin graft, and prone to infection (strict aseptic technique) |
what are the symptoms of second degree burns | extreme pain, blisters, swelling |
third degree burns involve what | all layers of skin plus subcutaneous tissue layer |
what are the symptoms of third degree burn | shock, dehydration, possibly pain |
fourth degree burns are also known as what | char burns |
what could fourth degree burns involve | muscle, tendon, possibly damage to bone |
what is treatment for fourth degree burns | emergency debridement, irrigation, and dressings |
what is the treatment and recovery of a burn | all depends on the total area involved and the severity of the burn |
"rule of nines" | determines the extent of a burn injury |
what are symptoms of aging of skin | thickness of dermis decreases, skin less elastic, fat loss from hypodermis, sagging wrinkling of skin, decreased melanin production, blood flow to skin, vitamin D production |
what are the results of aging of the skin | sagging/wrinkling of skin, sensitive to cold, hair turns gray, skin becomes thinner and translucent, bones become brittle |
decubitis ulcer | pressure sore, bed sore |