Clinical Presentation | Endocrine Abnormality |
Signs of hyponatremia - brain oedema, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, headache, seizure | SIADH |
Polyuria, polydypsia, nocturia, signs of hypernatremia (irritability, restlessness, seizures), visual field defects, muscle twitching | Diabetes Insipidus |
Weight loss, increased appetite, diarrhoea, intolerance to heat, sweating,palpitations,amenorrhoea, agitation, nervousness | Hyperthyroidism |
Weight gain,decreased appetite, hoarse voive, decreased hearing, constipation, intolerance to cold, hair loss, carpal tunnel syndrome, hypercholesterolaemia, intellectual and motor slowing, muscle cramps, menorrhoragia. | Hypothyroidism |
Truncal obesity, facial plethora, buffalo hump, hirsutism and acne, hypertension, oedema, proximal muscle weakness, skin striae and ecchymoses, polyuria, polydipsia, amenorrhoea, pigmentation | Hypercortisolism - Cushing's syndrome |
Pigmentation, vitligo, lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, nocturia, mental changes, seizures, postural hypotension | Hypoadrenalism - Addison's disease |
Hypertension, hypokalaemia and hypernatremia | Hyperaldosteronism due to an adrenal adenoma- Conn's syndrome |
Sympathetic nervous system overactivity - anxiety, panic attacks, hypertension, palpitations, tremor, sweating, headache. | Phaeochromocytoma |
High cortisol, low ACTH | Adrenal origin, Cushing's syndrome |
Suppression at 2mg of dexamethasone | Normal individual |
High cortisol, high ACTH and suppression at 8mg of dexamethasone | Cushing's disease - pituitary adenoma |
High cortisol, high ACTH and is not suppressed at 8mg of dexamethasone | Ectopic origin, Cushing's syndrome |
Low cortisol and synathcen does not increase it significantly | Addison's disease |
In patients with diabetes insipidus, administering ADH will increase the urine osmolality. | Central cause of diabetes insipidus |
Injected insulin does not cause an increase in ACTH and GH. | Hypopituitism |
Administration of glucose causes an increase in growth hormone | Acromegaly |
Administration of glucose causes a decrease in growth hormone. | Normal individual |
Low cortisol and low ACTH | Damaged pituitary |
Low cortisol and high ACTH | Non-responsive adrenal gland |
High cortisol and high ACTH | Over-active pituitary |
High cortisol and low ACTH | Autonomous adrenal gland |
High total T4 concentration, normal TSH and normal free T4 | An increase in thyroxine binding globulin due to pregnancy, oestrogen treatment or the oral contraceptive pill |
The inability to form IGF-1, resulting in short stature and high levels of GH | Laron dwarfism |
An insulin receptor defect | Leprechaunism |
Low TSH with high T4 | Hyperthyroidism |
High TSH with low T4 | Hypothyroidism |
Increase in size of the adrenal gland, ambiguous genitalia, aldosterone crisis. | Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - deficiency in action of 21alpha-hydroxylase |
Cushingoid signs and symptoms with a palpable abdominal mass | Adrenal carcinoma |
Cushingoid signs/symptoms with an absence of the Cushingoig body habitus, more prominent oedema and hypertension and marked muscle weakness | Ectopic ACTH production (eg. small cell carcinoma of the lung) |
Hyperpigmentation and Cushingoid appearance | Extra-adrenal tumour producing ACTH |