Question | Answer |
Disease- causing agents are called | pathogens |
Fluid is kept from accumulating is tissue spaces by | the lymphatic system |
The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n) | vien |
The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the | thoracid duct and tight lymphatic duct |
Foreign particles that are injected into the skin enter the lymphatic system | rapidly |
After lymph leaves the collecting ducts, it enters__ and becomes part of the ___. | veins; plasma |
The formation of lymph increases as a result of | increasing osmotic oressure in tissue fluid |
Lymph differs from plasma in that | plasma has more protiens |
The primary functions of lymph include | returing protiens to the blood stream |
The functions of the lymphatic system do not include | transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle |
Tissue fluid is __ and lymph is__. | forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins absorbed into the lymph capillaries. |
Stephanie has her cancerous right breast removed, and the surgeon also removes lymph nodes in the axillary region, to prevent spread of the cancer. As a result, Stephaine's right arm | become edematous |
The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the | hilum |
The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the | upper limb and mammary gland |
Lymph nodes are grouped throughout the body except in the | the CNS |
The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located near the | elbow |
A lymph node consists of | lymphocytes |
Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are | macrophages |
Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. The lymph nodes in his ___ enlarge. | inguinal region |
The spleen | functions as blood reservior
largest lymphatic organ, has nodules, and phagoctic cells |
T lymphocytes mature in the thymus in response to | Thymosins |
The tissues of the spleen are called | red and white pulp |
Innate defenses are | fast and non-specific |
A virus differs from other pathogens in that it is | not capable of reproduction outside a living cell |
Inflammation is a response to | heat, infection, chemical exposure, ultravoilet light |
The mononuclear phagocytic system includes | monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils |
Interferon is a group of hormonelike peptides that cells produce in response to | viruses |
The most active phagocytic cells in circulating blood are | neutrophiles and moncyetes |
Interleukin-1 secreation causes | a fever |
Marsha gets a splinter in her finger. What is her blody's respones to any microbe that might try to enter her body as result of the splinter breaking the skin? | innate defense |
which of the following is not a mechanical barrier against microorganisms? | diarrhea |
___ initiate(s) a cascade effect in response to foreign proteins in the body. | the complement system |
Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it | has phaogocyte cells that attack harder when the temp. rises, therefore a quick low-grade fever will be more affective then a long term. |
An immune response that is slower but more specific for the pathogen is the | adaptive defense |
A transplant recipient's body recjects a transplanted organ because her___ her does not match that of the donor closely enough. | major histocompatibility complex |
Which of the following is part of the adaptive immune response? | production of antibodies |
Drugs used to reduce the tissue rejection reaction following the transplantation of tissue form one person to another | dampen the recipients immune response |
The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are | lymphocytes and macrophoages |
A transplant recipient may be able to eventually discontinue immunosuppressant drugs if | the donor received a well matched transplant from the recipient |
T lymphocytes are responsible for | they are killer cells. they kill bacteria that enter your body |
The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is | IgG |
The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease is | naturally aquired active immunity |
which of the following are cytokines? | colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors |
The antibodies produced in allergic reactions | both B cells and T cells |
Following a primary immune respones, the cells that give rise to memory cells are | both B cells and T cells |
Cytotoxic T- cells destroy | cancer cells and virus- containing cells |
Cytotoxic T- cells destroy their target cells by releasing perforin, which cuts holes in | cell membranes |
A newborn is protected against certain digestive and respiratory thanks to IgA from the mother's | milk |
Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide | artificially acquired passive immunity |
In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed towards | cell of the body-self |
which of the following is an autoimmune disease? | juvenile hreumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes,systemic lupus erythematosus |
An antigen is ___, whereas an antibody is___. | a hepten molecule that is quite complicated in shape; an enzyme that is produced by the thymus gland to neutralized antigens |
Complement proteins, which are activated when IgG or IgM antibodies bind antigen, | causing opsonization, which coats the antibody antigens complexes in a way that attracts phagocytes. |
plasma cells | produces antibody molecules |
A pimary immune respones___, and a secondary immune respones____. | produces anitbodies within five to ten days of exposure to antigens; produces antibodies within a day or two of a subsequent exposure to the same antigen |
In the cellular immune response | T- cells attach directly to antigens and destroy them |
A vaccine produces its effects by | stimulating a primary immune response |
B cells divide and differentiate into___ which produce and secrete antibodies. | plasma cells |
Newborns can acquire___ immunity through breast milk. | antibodies |
The anti-Rh factors is an example of an | IgG |
Heart valves cells can be damaged through | autoimmunity |
A vaccine can halt an infection in a population is most everyone is vaccinated due to | heard immunity |
Aging of the lymphatic system begins | before birth |
Morris has lungs cancer and is given the drug Avastin. His doctor says that the drug is a monoclonal antibody. This means that the drug consists of | a single type of antibody |
Factors that contribute to the prevalence of peanuts allergy in the U.S. include the fact that | dry roasting activates the responsible allergens |
In HIV infection, reverse trascriptase | make DNA from viral RNA |
A Vaccine against HIV | maybe be impossible due to the variability and diversity of HIV |
The order in HIV breaches barries and affects immunity is | crossing the muscosal barriers, entering macrophages, entering helper T-cells than cytotoxic T- cells |