Question | Answer |
Acute glomerulonephritis is an | inflammation of the kidneys primarily affecting
children and young adults. |
Acute glomerulonephritis usually occurs 1-4 weeks after a | streptococcal infection ( ). |
Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include: | 1. Chills and pyrexia
2. Anorexia
3. General weakness.
4. Generalized edema especially in the face and ankles.
5. Albuminuria
6. Hematuria
7. Casts in the urine |
The Px ( ) for acute glomerulonephritis is generally good if | a chronic degeneration of nephrons
( ) does not occur. |
Chronic glomerulonephritis is an | inflammation of the kidneys that may persist for years with remissions
( ) and relapses ( ). |
Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually accompanied by | HTN ( ). |
A sign of chronic glomerulonephritis is | low spec. grav. ( ) of the urine. |
The end result of chronic glomerulonephritis can be | renal atrophy ( ) and RF ( ). |
The RF causes | uremia ( ). |
Uremia (azotemia) means | a blood condition of excessive nitrogenous ( ) waste. |
RF ( ) prevents the kidneys from eliminating | nitrogenous ( ) wastes. |
Blood tests commonly used to detect renal failure (RF) include: | 1. BUN ( ).
2. Cc ( ).
3. Cys C ( ).
4. GFR ( ). |
Causes of ARF include: | 1. Hypovolemic shock.
2. Blood type or Rh incompatibility.
3. Kidney disease.
4. Trauma.
5. Poisoning. |
Signs and symptoms of ARF include: | 1. Oliguria
2. Anuria
3. Uremia
4. Ammonia breath.
5.Hyperkalemia 6.Muscle weakness that can lead to cardiac arrest. |
Tx of ARF ( ) includes: | 1. Remedy the cause.
2. HD ( ) until the kidneys begin to function properly. |
Another type of dialysis is called | CAPD (
). |
CRF is usually caused by long standing kidney disease such as: | 1. Chronic glomerulonephritis.
2. Chronic HTN ( ).
3. DN ( ). |
Tx for CRF includes: | 1. HD ( ).
2. Kidney transplantation. |
CRF (
) can also be caused by | ATN (
). |
Causes of ATN include nephrotoxic agents such as: | 1. Certain antibiotics ( ).
2. Dyes used in diagnostic procedures. |
Pyelonephritis is a | suppurative ( ) inflammation of a renal pelvis. |
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by pyogenic ( ) organisms such as: | 1. E. coli ( ).
2. Strep ( ).
3. Staph ( ). |
These microorganisms can cause | abscesses ( ) to form. |
Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include: | 1. Chills and pyrexia
2. Back and abdominal pain.
3. Dysuria ( ).
4. Pyuria ( ).
5. Bacteriuria ( ).
6. Hematuria |
Tx for pyelonephritis includes the use of | antibiotics ( ). |
The Px ( ) for pyelonephritis is | good. |
Renal carcinoma occurs more frequently ( ) in | 50 to 60 year old men. |
The incidence of renal carcinoma doubles for | smokers. |
The Px ( ) for renal carcinoma is poor because | metastases ( ) to the lungs, liver, bone, and brain usually occur before signs and symptoms appear. |
The chief sign of renal carcinoma is | painless hematuria (
). |
A WT ( ) is a | malignant fast growing renal tumor in very young children. |
The chief sign of a Wilm’s tumor (WT) is | painless hematuria (
). |
The Px ( ) for a WT is | good if metastasis ( ) has not occurred. |
The medical terms for kidney stones are | nephrolithiasis and urinary ( ) calculi. |
Urinary calculi occur more frequently in 20 to 40 year old | men ( ). |
Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis occur when a calculus obstructs a | ureter. |
Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis include: | 1. Sharp severe retroperitoneal ( ) pain radiating to the inguinal ( ) region.
2. Hematuria ( ). |
Causes of nephrolithiasis include: | 1. Dietary Ca ( ) excess ( ).
2. Dietary protein and Na ( ) excess.
3. Hyperparathyroidism. |
A calculus that fills the renal pelvis completely is called a | staghorn calculus. |
Tests commonly used to detect a renal calculus include: | 1. KUB ( ).
2. Renal ultrasound.
3. CT ( ).
4. IVP ( ). |
Tx ( ) for a calculus that impedes the flow of urine is a | ESWL (
). |
Hydronephrosis occurs when | a kidney becomes extremely dilated with urine. |
Causes of hydronephrosis include: | 1. Renal calculus ( ).
2. Tumor.
3. BPH (
). |
Tx for hydronephrosis involves | removal of the obstruction before permanent damage to a kidney(s) occurs. |
The leading risk factors for CKD include: | 1. DM ( ).
2. Chronic HTN ( ).
3. WT ( ) gain.
4. Smoking. |
Women who drink two or more cans of regular soda per day are | twice as likely to develop CKD
( ). |
Cystitis is an | inflammation of the urinary bladder AKA
“bladder infection.” |
Cystitis is more common in women because | the female urethra is shorter than in males. |
The chief causative agent of cystitis is | E. coli ( ). |
Signs and symptoms of cystitis include: | 1. Urinary frequency
2. Urgency
3. Dysuria ( ).
4. Bacteriuria ( ).
5. Pyuria |
Tx ( ) for cystitis includes: | 1. Forcing fluids.
2. Antibiotics. |
The Px ( ) for cystitis is | good. |
Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include:
1-4 | 1.Wiping from front to back after a BM
2.Take showers for hygiene instead of baths
3.Do not douche unless directed by a physician.
4.Refrain from wearing tight fitting pants. |
Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include:
5-8 | 5.Wearing cotton underwear
6.Urinate after coitus
7.Increase fluid intake every day and include cranberry juice.
8.Vitamin C supplement taken in the evening. |
Urethritis is | inflammation of the urethra |
Urethritis in males may be caused by | GC ( ). |
Signs and symptoms of urethritis include: | 1. Dysuria ( ).
2. Balanorrhea (
).
3. Testicular edema ( ). |
Urethritis in females commonly accompanies | cystitis. |
Tx ( ) for urethritis includes | antibiotics ( ). |
PID stands for | |
PID refers to an | inflammation of the female pelvic reproductive organs. |
Common causes of PID (
) | include the STDs (
)
GC ( ) and chlamydia. |
Signs and symptoms of PID include: | 1. Lower abdominal pain.
2. Pyrexia
3. Dysuria
4. Pungent leukorrhea (
).
5. Dyspareunia ( ). |
A complication of untreated PID
( ) is | infertility ( ). |
Tx ( ) for PID includes | antibiotics, ASA ( ), bed rest, and fluids. |
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina commonly caused by: | 1. Candida albicans ( ).
2. Trichomonas ( ). |
Candidiasis is AKA | yeast infection. |
Candida proliferation ( ) can occur with the over use of | antibiotics or douches. |
Candida proliferation can destroy the normal vaginal flora (
) allowing | opportunistic yeast infections to occur. |
Signs and symptoms of vaginitis include: | 1. Pungent leukorrhea (
).
2. Vaginal pruritus ( ).
3. Vaginal burning and soreness. |
A common Tx for candidiasis is | Monistat ( ). |
A common Tx for trichomoniasis is | Flagyl ( ). |
The incidence of yeast infections can be reduced by drinking 2 or more glasses of | milk daily. |
Atrophic vaginitis is caused by | atrophy ( ) of the vaginal septa ( ). |
Atrophic vaginitis is commonly caused by a decrease in | estrogen associated with menopause. |
A common complaint of atrophic vaginitis is | dyspareunia ( ). |
Tx ( ) for atrophic vaginitis includes: | 1. ERT ( ) AKA HRT ( )
2. Antibiotic creams.
3. Steroid creams.
4. Water soluble lubricants |
Puerperal sepsis is an infection of the endometrium (
) occurring after | parturition ( ) or abortion (
). |
The most common cause of puerperal sepsis is | poor aseptic technique during parturition ( ) or abortion (
). |
The poor aseptic technique allows pathogens such as | staphylococci ( ), streptococci, ( ) or E. coli (
) to enter the uterine wall. |
These pathogens will cause | necrosis ( ) of the endometrium (
). |
A complication of puerperal sepsis is | septic shock. |
Signs and symptoms of puerperal sepsis include: | 1. Pyrexia ( ) and chills.
2. Profuse ( ) and/or pungent lochia (
). |
Tx ( ) for puerperal sepsis is | antibiotic therapy. |
Cervical cancer refers to a | malignancy of the Cx ( ). |
Cervical cancer has a good
Px ( ) if | detected before metastasis ( ). |
The most common test to detect cervical malignancy is the | PAP test ( ) every two years. |
After age 30 and after 3 consecutive negative PAP tests, | every 3 years. |
No PAP required after a | hysterectomy ( ). |
Pap tests should begin within | 3 years of becoming sexually active or by age 21. |
A cervical lesion detected before metastasis ( ) is called | CIS ( ). |
Tx for carcinoma in situ includes: | 1. Conization
2. Cryosurgery
3. Cauterization
4.Hysterectomy |
Risk factors for cervical malignancy include: | 1. Poor hygiene.
2. HPV ( ).
3. Multiple sexual partners.
4. Intercourse at an early age.
5. Smoking. |
Fibroid tumors are | benign tumors of the myometrium
( ). |
Fibroid tumors are also called | leiomyomas. |
Fibroid tumors are more common in | African American and obese women. |
The risk of developing leiomyomas is | 1 in 5 women under the age of 50. |
Signs and symptoms of fibroid tumors include: | 1. Pelvic pain.
2. Menorrhagia
3. Metrorrhagia
4. Dyspareunia |
Tx ( ) options for leiomyomas include: | 1. Myomectomy
2. Myolysis
3. Hysterectomy |
The most common ovarian neoplasm is an | ovarian cyst. |
An ovarian cyst is usually a | benign ( ) fluid filled sac. |
An ovarian cyst will usually resolve with time but a large cyst that interferes with blood flow can be | removed surgically. |
PCOS ( ) is characterized by | androgen ( ) and insulin imbalance. |
Signs and symptoms of PCOS include: | 1. WT ( ) gain and
HTN ( ).
2. Increased facial and body hair.
3. Alopecia ( ).
4. Irregular menses
5. MDD
6. Infertility |
An ovarian malignancy is the | fifth leading cause of cancer death in women. |
Signs and symptoms of an ovarian malignancy include: | 1. Prolonged abdominal bloating and pelvic pain.
2. Chronic fatigue.
3. Anorexia ( ).
4. WT ( ) loss.
5. Prolonged urinary frequency. |
Risk factors for an ovarian malignancy include: | 1. High fat diet.
2. Nulliparity ( ).
3. Family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer.
4. Childbearing after age 30.
5. Delayed menopause. |
Ovarian malignancies occur more frequently | perimenopausal and postmenopausal. |
Tx for an ovarian malignancy includes: | 1.Oophorectomy and hysterectomy
2. Chemotherapy
3. Radiation therapy. |
If caught before metastasis, the five year survival rate for an ovarian malignancy is | 93%. |
If caught after metastasis the five year survival rate for an ovarian malignancy is | 20-30%. |
A chemical in the blood that can elevate with the presence of an ovarian malignancy is | CA-125. |
The risk of ovarian neoplasms decreases with the use of | BCPs ( ). |
The most common breast malignancy is an | adenocarcinoma. |
Adenocarcinomas occur more often in: | 1. Nulliparity ( ).
2. Women with a family hx ( ) of breast Ca ( ). |
Adenocarcinomas frequently occur around the time of | menopause. |
Common signs of a breast malignancy include: | 1. A hard fixed lump in the upper outer quadrant of a breast.
2. Axillary lymphadenopathy
3. Papillary retraction.
4. The skin can pucker and/or dimple.
5. Papillary ( ) discharge. |
ACS ( ) mammogram recommendations include: | 1. Annually for 40-49 year olds if
personal or family history exists.
2. Ages 50-74, every
two years. |
BSE ( ) should be performed | every month starting at age 20. |
A woman’s lifetime risk of developing a breast malignancy is | 1 in 8 (
). |
Confirmation of the suspected tumor can be made with a | stereotactic needle biopsy ( ). |
Malignant breast tumors can metastasize to the lungs, liver, brain, and bone via the | lymphatic system. |
Tx for a breast malignancy includes: | 1. Lumpectomy ( ).
2. Mastectomy ( ).
3. Radiation therapy.
4. Chemotherapy ( ). |
Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include: | 1.ETOH
2. Smoking.
3. Sedentary lifestyle
4.Consuming sugary sweets 3 or more times per week.
5. ERT
6. BCPs
7. Nulliparity
8. Folate ( ) deficiency. |
Foods rich in folate ( ) include: | leafy green vegetables, fortified cereals, legumes, citrus, bananas, melons, and blackberries. |
Breast malignancy risk can be significantly reduced by | moderate exercise, healthy weight, and breastfeeding. |
Breast malignancies are more common in women over the age of | 45. |
The younger a person is with a breast malignancy, | the more aggressive the disease. |
The most common benign tumor of a breast is called a | fibroadenoma. |
Fibroadenomas are usually solid, round, rubbery, painless and | move freely. |
A second type of benign tumor of a breast is called | FCC ( ) AKA
“lumpy breasts.” |
FCC usually occur in both breasts and increase in size and tenderness just prior to | menses ( ). |
A third type of benign breast tumor is a fluid filled | cyst. |
Breast cysts are round, moveable, and may increase in size and become tender just prior to | menses ( ). |
TSS is commonly caused by proliferation ( ) of | staph ( ). |
TSS is associated with | tampon use. |
Signs of TSS ( ) include: | 1. Hyperthermia ( ).
2. Rash.
3. Peeling skin.
4. GI distress ( ).
5. Hypotension ( ). |
Tx for TSS ( ) includes: | 1. Fluid replacement.
2. Antibiotic therapy. |
Women who use tampons are encouraged to | change them frequently and avoid super-absorbent. |
PMS is a group symptoms that start 1 to 2 weeks | before menstruation ( ) and usually cease ( ) with the onset of menses ( ). |
Signs and symptoms of PMS include:
1-7 | 1.Lower abdominal bloating and pain.
2.Breast swelling and tenderness.
3.Cephalalgia
4.Weight gain.
5.Acne.
6.Insomnia
7.Mood swings. |
Signs and symptoms of PMS include:
8-15 | 8.Anxiety.
9.MDD
10.Irritability.
11.Hostility.
12.Crying spells.
13.Food cravings
14.Clumsiness.
15.Fatigue. |
Tx for PMS includes: | 1. Increase water intake.
2. Regular exercise.
3. Support groups.
4. Stress management techniques.
5. The avoidance of salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol.
6. OTC ( ) analgesics. |
PMDD ( ) is a severe form of | PMS ( ). |
The signs and symptoms of PMDD are severe enough to | interfere with work, social activities, and relationships. |
Tx for PMDD includes | sedatives and antidepressants. |
Endometriosis is a condition caused by | ectopic ( ) endometrium ( ). |
The ectopic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stimulation and can cause: | 1. Pelvic pain and bloating.
2. Menorrhagia
3. Metrorrhagia
4. Fatigue.
5. Sterility |
Tx for endometriosis includes: | 1. Laparoscopic (
) excision of the ectopic endometrium.
2. OCPs ( ) causing amenorrhea |
An EP occurs when a fertilized ovum implants in tissue other than the | uterus. |
The most common site for an EP is a | fallopian tube ( ) AKA
“tubal pregnancy.” |
Causes of EPs (
) include | 1. Salpingitis (
) associated with
STDs ( ) causing fallopian adhesions
2. Endometriosis |
Signs and symptoms of an EP (
) usually appear within 2 months and include: | 1. Unilateral ( ) abdominal and/or pelvic pain.
2. Vaginal bleeding.
3. Vertigo ( ).
4. Weakness and syncope ( ).
5. N+V |
Tx for an EP (
) includes: | 1. Termination of pregnancy with methotrexate or laparoscopic salpingostomy. |
A spontaneous abortion is AKA | miscarriage. |
A spontaneous abortion during the first trimester is often caused by a | fetal genetic abnormality ( ). |
A spontaneous abortion usually occurs between the | 7th and 12th weeks of gestation (pregnancy). |
Causes of miscarriage include: | 1. Infection.
2. Drugs, ETOH ( ), smoking, and caffeine.
3. Poor nutrition.
4. Toxins ( ).
5. Radiation. |
The surgical procedure performed to scrape the endometrium if placental tissue remains after a miscarriage is called a | D+C (
). |
Toxemia is AKA | preeclampsia. |
Preeclampsia only occurs during | pregnancy ( ). |
The principal signs of preeclampsia include: | 1. PIH
2. Albuminuria (
).
3. Edema
4.Unusual WT gain. |
If seizures develop, the condition is called | eclampsia. |
Prevention techniques include: | 1. Prenatal care.
2. Proper nutrition. |
Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate commonly caused by | E. coli ( ) or GC ( ). |
Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include: | 1. Urgency
2. Frequency
3. Dysuria ( ).
4. Pyuria ( ).
5. Hematuria ( ).
6. Painful ejaculation. |
Prostatitis usually responds well to | antibiotic therapy. |
BPH is a | nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate. |
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is more common after the age of | 50. |
The enlarged prostate can frequently be palpated ( ) by | DRE ( ). |
The enlarged prostate squeezes the urethra and the patient will complain of | dysuria (
) and urinary retention
( ). |
Untreated urinary retention can cause | hydronephrosis. |
Tx for BPH (
) includes: | 1. Avodart or Flomax.
2. Cystoscopy (
and TURP
(
). |
A prostatic carcinoma may be small and initially | asymptomatic ( ). |
Signs and symptoms of a prostatic carcinoma include: | 1. Dysuria
2. Hematuria
3. Anorexia ( ) and WT ( ) loss.
4. Nocturia
5. Urinary incontinence (
) AKA enuresis. |
The blood test to detect a predisposition ( ) for prostatic carcinoma is | PSA ( ). |
A PSA should be performed annually for men over the age of | 50 |
Prostatic carcinoma can metastasize ( ) to the | rectum, lymph, and bone. |
A good Px ( ) depends on | early detection. |
Tx for prostatic carcinoma includes: | 1. Chemotherapy
2. Bilateral orchiectomy
3. Radiation therapy.
4. Prostatectomy |
Cryptorchidism refers to an | undescended testicle |
Cryptorchidism can eventually cause | sterility |
Tx for cryptorchidism includes | orchiopexy (
) or orchiectomy |
Impotence is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection AKA | ED ( ). |
Causes of ED include: | 1. Poorly controlled stress.
2. Arteriosclerosis
3. DM
4. Complications of prostatectomy
5. Trauma.
6. Side effects from medications
7. Drug and/or alcohol abuse. |
Tx for ED ( ) includes: | 1. Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis.
2. Penile implants. |
STDs are also known as | STIs ( ). |
Methods to reduce incidence of STIs include: | 1. Abstinence ( ).
2. Monogamy ( ).
3. Barriers ( ). |
Chlamydia is the most common STD and the number one cause of | PID ( ). |
Untreated chlamydia can cause | sterility ( ) in women. |
Chlamydia infections are often | asymptomatic ( ). |
Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for women may include: | 1. Dysuria ( ).
2. Pungent ( ) vaginal discharge.
3. Dyspareunia ( ).
4. Dysmenorrhea
5. Abdominal pain.
6. Vaginal pruritus |
Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for men may include: | 1. Dysuria ( ).
2. Balanorrhea ( ).
3. Testicular edema ( ). |
Chlamydia can be cured with | antibiotics. |
Gonorrhea is caused by | GC ( ) and is the
second most common STD |
Untreated gonorrhea can cause | sterility ( ) in men and women. |
Gonorrhea transmitted to a fetus during delivery can cause | blindness and possibly death. |
Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea usually appear | 2-10 days after exposure. |
Gonorrhea infections can be | asymptomatic |
Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for women may include: | 1. Greenish-yellow vaginal discharge.
2. Lower abdominal and pelvic pain.
3. Pharyngitis ( ).
4. Dysuria |
Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for men may include: | 1. Greenish-yellow balanorrhea
( ).
2. Dysuria ( ).
3. Pharyngitis ( )
4. Testicular edema |
Gonorrhea can be cured with | antibiotics |
The primary stage of syphilis is characterized by one or more painless ulcers that appear on the penis, labia, lips, tongue, or anus called | chancres. |
A chancre will develop within a | 10 to 90 days after sexual contact |
A chancre will heal and disappear in | 3-6 weeks. |
This primary stage is treatable with | PCN ( ). |
If primary syphilis is left untreated the secondary stage begins within | 6 weeks to 6 months after exposure and usually lasts 1 to 3 months. |
The secondary stage is characterized by | a non-pruritic rash ( ) typically on the palms and soles. |
The secondary stage is treatable with | PCN ( ). |
The tertiary ( ) stage can occur | years after the primary infection. |
The tertiary stage occurs in approximately | 30% of people infected with syphilis. |
Complications of the tertiary stage include | heart disease, blindness, mental illness, and death. |
Blood tests for syphilis include: | 1. VDRL.
2. RPR.
3. EIA. |
Genital herpes is an extremely painful chronic viral disease caused by the | HSV II ( ). |
In the US, the HSV II affects | 1 in 4 women and 1 in 5 men. |
Symptoms of HSVII generally occur within | 3 weeks of exposure. |
Signs and symptoms of HSV II include: | 1. Multiple painful ( ), pruritic ( ), vesicles
( ) that appear on the genitalia, buttocks, and thighs.
2. Dysuria
3. Vaginal discharge. |
The active lesions appear when the | immune system is compromised. |
This disease is more easily transmitted when the lesions are | active. |
Outbreaks of genital herpes can be treated with | antiviral drugs ( ).
There is no cure. |
There are approximately 30 different types of the | HPV ( ). |
75-80% of all males and females will be | infected with the HPV during their lifetime. |
For most, the immune system will | defeat the HPV |
90% of HPV lesions ( ) are caused by | 2 types of the HPV. |
HPV lesions ( ) may appear within | weeks or several months of the sexual exposure. |
HPV lesions ( ) commonly appear on the | penis and scrotum in men and on the perineum in women. |
The primary symptoms of the HPV are | pruritus ( ) and pain |
About 75% of all cervical malignancies are caused by | 2 other types of the HPV |
Uncircumcised men are | three times more likely to be infected with the HPV ( ). |
A vaccine is available for these four types of the HPV called | Gardasil ( ). |
Approved for males and females ages | 9-26. |
Best results occur if vaccine is administered before | exposure ( ). |
Tx for the HPV (
) includes: | 1. Antiviral medications.
2. Electrocautery ( ).
3. Cryosurgery ( ). |
HPV is also associated with | cardiovascular disease. |