Question | Answer |
Natural Increase | the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths |
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | the number of live births per year per thousand people in the population |
Crude Death Rate (CDR) | the number of deaths per year per thousand people |
Demographic Transition | shift in population growth |
Stationary Population Level (SPL) | world's population will stabilize |
Population Composition | structure of population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as martial status and education |
Population Pyramids | displays the percentages of each age group in the total population |
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | a baby's death during the first year following its birth. Often given in a number of cases per thousand |
Child Mortality Rate | deaths of children between the ages 1 and 5 |
Life expectancy | the number of years, on average, someone may expect to remain alive. |
Infectious Diseases | resulting from an invasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body |
Chronic/Degenerative Diseases | the maladies of longevity and old age such as heart disease |
Genetic/Inherited Diseases | diseases we can trace to our ancestry, the chromosomes and genes that define our makeup |
Endemic | disease that prevails over a small area |
Vectored Infectious Disease | disease transmitted by an intermediary vector. ex. Mosquito |
Nonvectored Infectious Disease | disease transmitted by direct contact between a host and a victim. ex. kiss, handshake |
Leading Cause of Death in US | heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, accidents, diabetes, alzheimer's disease |
Expansive Population Policies | encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase |
Eugenic Population Policies | designed to favor one racial or culture sector of the population over others. ex. Nazi Germany |
Restrictive Population Policies | range from toleration or officially unapproved means of birth control to outright prohibition of larger families |
One-Child Policy | families that had more than one child were penalized financially, and educational opportunities and housing privileges were kept from them |
Cyclic Movement | involves shorter periods away from home |
Periodic Movement | involves longer periods away from home |
Migration | change in residence intended to be permanent |
Activity Spaces | daily routine of regular sequence of short moves within a local area |
Nomadism | a matter of survival, culture, and tradition |
Migrant Labor | involves millions of workers in the US and tens of millions worldwide. (Type of Periodic Movement) |
Transhumance | system of pastoral farming where ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures |
Military Service | US citizens are moved to new locations to spend tours of duty that can last for years |
International Migration | movement across country boarders (Transnational Migration) |
Immigration | adds to the total population by people entering a country |
Emigration | subtracts from the total population by people leaving the country |
Internal Migration | migration that occurs within a single country's boarders |
Forced Migration | involves the imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary migration movements that cannot be understood based on theories of choice |
Voluntary Migration | series of options or choices that result in movement even if desperately or not so rationally |
Laws of Migration | Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration. The majority of migrants move a short distance. Migrants who move longer distances tens to choose big-city destinations. Urban residents are less migrtory than inhabitants of rural areas. |
Gravity Model | predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them |
Push Factors | conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place |
Pull Factors | circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places |
Distance Decay | migrants having more complete perceptions of nearer places than of farther ones |
Step Migration | migration streams that appear on maps as long, unbroken routes but consist of a series of stages |
Intervening Opportunity | presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away |
Deportation | being sent back home |
Kinship Links | types of push or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where friends or family have already found success |
Chain Migration | flows along and through kinship links |
Immigration Waves | chains of migration that build upon each other or swells in migration from one origin to the same destination |
Global-Scale Migration | migration that takes place across international boundaries and between world regions |
Explorers | surveyors and cartographers |
Colonization | physical process where the colonizer takes over another place |
Regional Scale | migration between neighboring countries to take advantage of short-term economic opportunities etc. |
Islands of Development | cities in the developing world where most foreign investment takes place, vast majority of jobs are, and where infrastructure is concentrated. Port cities that became islands of economic development |
Russification | sought to assimilate all the people in the soviet territory into the Russian culture |
Guest Workers | labor migrants |
Refugee | a person who has a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationally, membership of particular social group, or political opinion |
Internally Displaced Persons | people who have been displaced within their own countries |
Asylum | right to protection in the first country in which the refugee arrives |
Repatriation | process where the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands |
Genocide | acts committed with intent to destroy , in whole or part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group |
Immigration Laws | prevent the immigration of Chinese people to California |
Quotas | each year European countries could permit the emigration to the US of 3% of the number of its nationals living in the US in 1910 |
Selective Immigration | individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from entering |
Gender | difference between men and women, their characteristics |
Identity | how we make sense of ourselves, how do each of us define ourselves, we construct our own identity |
Race | product of ways of viewing minor genetic differences |
Racism | attitude toward visible differences in individuals (predominately negative) |
Residential Segregation | degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban environment |
Succession | when new immigrants to a city often move to low-income areas that are being gradually abandoned by older immigrant groups |
Sense of Place | infusing a place "with meaning and feeling" and is always changing as we change |
Ethnicity | people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time |
Space | "social relations stretched out" |
Place | "particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together over time in that particular location" |
Gendered | places seen as being appropriate for women or for men |
Queer Theory | theory that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the hetero normative |
Barrioization | dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood |