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Level 2 Bio Cells
Describe cell structure and function 90464 Key words
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Activation Energy | The energy required to be added to a reaction before it will proceed. Enzymes reduce this. |
| Co-Factor | Non-protein substances required by some enzymes in order to facilitate their activity. They are often vitamins or trace elements. |
| Induced Fit Model | Description of the method of activity of enzymes where the active site changes shape slightly in the presence of the substrate chemical |
| Passive Transport | Processes where substances enter and exit the cell without the need for any energy to be expended by the cell. Related terms: Small molecules, diffusion, osmosis |
| Active Site | The region on an enzyme that the substrate binds to forming the enzyme-substrate complex. |
| Concentration Gradient | An area where the proportion of a dissolved or suspended material changes from lesser to greater or vice versa |
| Ion Exchange Pump | Type of active transport moving potassium and sodium ions across the cell membrane in opposite directions against a concentration gradient ATP is used to achieve this |
| Phagocytosis | Process by which cell surrounds an area of its environment by in-tucking the plasma membrane and taking the vesicle formed into the cell cytoplasm. eg white blood cell engulfing a bacterium |
| Active Transport | Processes that move substances into and out of cells which require expenditure of energy from the cell |
| Cristae | The folds in the inner membrane of a mitochondria projecting into the matrix, location of the electron transport chain stage of aerobic respiration |
| Lactic Acid | Three Carbon molecule that is the end product of anaerobic fermentation in animals follows glycolysis |
| Photosynthesis | Cellular process where the suns energy is captured and transformed into chemical energy. Involves pigments and the chloroplast organelle. |
| Adenine | One of the four bases found in DNA and RNA molecules also part of the energy molecule ATP, It is a purine and is given the symbol A. |
| Cytoplasm | The part of a cell outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane |
| Lamellae | An extension of a thylakoid within a chloroplast, linking a thylakoid within one granum to one in another. |
| Pinocytosis | Taking in by a cell of tiny droplets of liquid by in-tucking of the plasma membrane |
| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate the low energy form of the cells energy carrying molecule |
| Cytosine | One of the four bases found in DNA and RNA molecules. It is a pyrimidine and has the symbol C and will form bonds with Guanine |
| Light Dependent Reaction | Occurs in the thykaloids in the chloroplast. Thykaloids form stacks called grana. In this process light energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and also to produce ATP from ADP. |
| Plasmolysis | Process by which cytoplasm of a plant cell pulls away from cell wall as a result of osmotic loss of water to an external solution with lower water potential. |
| Aerobic | In the presence of oxygen |
| Denature | Process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose their tertiary structure and secondary structure by application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol) |
| Light Independent Reaction | Occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast converting CO2 into carbohydrate |
| Protist | One of the six kingdoms of living things examples include Paramecium and Amoeba and algae |
| Alcohol | Final product of anerobic respiration (fermentation) in plants |
| Diffusion | Movement of a substance from a higher to a lower concentration by random movement of molecules or ions. |
| Lipid Bilayer | The detailed molecular structure of the plasma membrane that makes up the membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of cells |
| Ribosome | The organelle where protein synthesis occurs |
| Amoeba | Single celled organism belonging to Protista kingdom moves by use of pseudopodia |
| DNA | Do Not Ask, or deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that forms genes and chromosomes |
| Lock And Key Theory | Model to explain the action of enzymes that posits the existence of an active site on an enzyme where the substrate molecule physically fits into when it forms the enzyme-substrate complex |
| Secretion | The production and release of liquid material such as enzymes from cells in the stomach wall, often involves the organelle known as the golgi body |
| Anaerobic | In the absence of oxygen |
| Double Helix | Shape adopted by double stranded DNA molecule |
| Lysosome | Tiny vesicle in cells containing digestive enzymes used to breakdown worn out parts of cells. |
| Semi-Permeable Membrane | Barrier through which small particles can pass but larger particles are cannot, The cell membrane is an example of this. |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate the high energy form of the cells energy carrying molecule |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | The organelle responsible for the processing of proteins including folding and packaging, can either be rough or smooth. |
| Matrix | Fluid filled interior region of mitochondrion site of the krebs cycle reactions of respiration |
| Stroma | Thick fluid found in between grana, which are stacks of thylakoid disks. This is where the carbohydrate formation reactions occur in the chloroplasts of plant cells undergoing photosynthesis. |
| Catalyst | Substance that facilitates a chemical reaction to occur and is not consumed during the reaction itself |
| Enzyme | Biological catalyst made of one or more protein molecules |
| Nuclear Membrane | Double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. |
| Surface Area : Volume Ratio | The amount of surface area per unit volume of an object |
| Mitochondria | Membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells sometimes described as "cellular power plants |
| Substrate | Molecule(s) upon which an enzyme acts. |
| Cell Membrane | Lipid bilayer surrounding plant and animal cells separating the interior of a cell from the outside environment. It surrounds all cells and it is selectively-permeable, controlling the movement of substances in and out of cells. |
| Euglena | Protist that can both eat food as animals and can photosynthesize, like plants. |
| Fermentation | Stage following glycolysis in anerobic respiration |
| Cell Wall | Feature of plant cells giving structure and strength to the cell mainly formed from cellulose |
| Eye Spot | Photo-receptive organelle found in euglena and other protists. It allows the cells to sense light direction and intensity |
| Nucleolus | Non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed and assembled within this structure. |
| Thymine | One of the four bases found in DNA molecules. It is a pyrimidine and has the symbol T and will form bonds with Adenine |
| Unicellular Organism | Life form consisting of only one cell |
| Cellular Respiration | the way a cell gains useful energy. It is the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. |
| Nucleotide | Molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. |
| Turgor | is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells, it is the force exerted outward on a plant cell wall by the water contained in the cell vacuole. |
| Cellulose | an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)n. It is the structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants. |
| Flaccid | where the cell contents do not exert a high pressure on the cell membrane and cell wall discription mainly used with plant cells |
| Nucleus | sometimes referred to as the "control center", is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material It’s function is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell |
| Centriole | a barrel-shaped cell structure found in most animal cells but not plant of fungi cells they are involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis. |
| Flagellum | is a tail-like projection that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and functions in locomotion. |
| Oral Groove | A cilia lined passage leading to cell mouth of protista such as paramecium. |
| Uracil | One of the four bases found in RNA molecules. It is a pyrimidine and has the symbol U and will form bonds with Adenine |
| Chlamydomonas | A genus of green alga. They are unicellular flagellates. |
| Glycolysis | The first step in aerobic respiration it is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high energy compounds, ATP and NADH |
| Organelles | is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer. |
| Vacuole | is a membrane bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. These are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes |
| Chloroplast | organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. |
| Golgi Apparatus | This organelle has the primary function to process and package macromolecules, such as proteins and lipids it is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion. |
| Osmoregulation | the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is it keeps the organism's fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. |
| Vesicle | This is a small membrane-enclosed sac that can store or transport substances. They can form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes. |
| Cilia | slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body. used for movement in single celled organisms or moving substances in multi-cellular organisms. |
| Grana | Stacks of thylakoids found in the chloroplast |
| Paramecium | a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa it has a deep oral groove containing cilia used to draw food inside. They generally feed on bacteria and other small cells. Osmoregulation is carried out by a pair of contractile vacuoles, which actively expel wate |
| Trace Elements | is a chemical element that is needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of the organism also referred to as a micronutrient. |
| Acetyl Coenzyme A | is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. Its main use is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production. |
| Excretion | is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials |
| Nucleic Acids | RNA and DNA are examples of these |
| Vitamins | an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism often are required for enzymes to operate correctly |
| Electron Transport Chain | the third stage of the aerobic respiration process couples a reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane. These H+ ions are used to produce ATP. |
| Krebs Cycle | second stage of aerobic respiration it is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. |
| Prokaryotes | are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria are examples of this type of organism. |
| Guanine | One of the four bases found in DNA and RNA molecules. It is a purine and has the symbol G and will form bonds with Cytosine |
| Osmosis | the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until a state of equilibrium is reached |
| Co-Enzyme | is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity. These proteins are commonly enzymes, and these can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations |
| Enzyme Inhibitor | are molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity. Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance, many drugs are examples of this. |
| Metal Ions | a metal atom that has lost an electron |
| Pyruvate | Chemical made from glucose through glycolysis, |
| Eukaryotic | An organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets these cells apart from other cells is the nucleus. |
| Micronutrients | are nutrients needed throughout life in small quantities. |
| RNA | A biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. |
| Contractile vacuoles | A specialised organelle found in Paramecium and other protists that actively expels water from the cell in order to maintain the appropriate osmotic conditions |
Created by:
richardedw
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