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Mr. Wills Holt Ch10
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What are three reasons why cells reproduce? | cell size(too large),cell maintenance, to grow |
Gene | segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein |
Chromosome | a section of DNA that becomes highly condensed and visible during mitosis |
Chromatin | substance containing DNA and protein that makes up the chromosome |
Chromatid | one of two identical copies of DNA in a chromosome |
Sister chromatids | two identical copies of DNA that form the “X” of a chromosome during mitosis |
Centromere | region of the chromosome that holds the sister chromatids together. |
Daughter cells | two genetically identical cells produced by cell division |
What are three characteristics of prokaryotic cell division? | simple, small amount of circular DNA, 20 min |
Centrioles | structure that form spindle fibers and organize the chromosmes |
Spindle fibers | microtubules(protein) that move chromosomes during mitosis |
What are three characteristics of eukaryotic cell division? | more complex, lots of linear DNA pieces (chromosomes), 24 hours |
Interphase | the first three phases on the cell cycle |
G1 Phase | first gap phase of the cc that the cell grows |
S Phase | Synthesis phase of the cc that DNA is copied |
G2 Phase | second gap phase, preparation for mitosis centrioles form |
Mitosis | phase of the cc that the chromosomes are separated |
Prophase | 1. Nuclear envelope dissolves, 2. Centrioles move, 3. Chromosomes condense/visible, 4. Spindles form |
Metaphase | 1. Centrioles opp sides of nucleus, 2. Chromosomes line up at the equator |
Anaphase | 1. Spindle fibers shorten. 2. Centromere breaks 3. each Chromatid moves to opposite sides of cell |
Telaphase | 1. New nuclear envelop surrounds DNA. 2. Cytokinesis begins |
Cytokinesis | phase of the cc that the cytoplasm and the organelles are divided |
What causes a cell to divide? | 1. signals from organs and cells 2. Environmental signals. |
What are check points? | They are like quality control agents that check and make sure the cell has the right material and being built correctly. |
G1 checkpoint | Makes sure conditions are favorable for cell to prepare to divide |
G2 checkpoint | checks DNA and fixes mistakes |
Mitosis checkpoint | makes sure the DNA is separated properly |
Cancer | disease caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells |
Tumor | growth that arises from normal cells but grows uncontrollably and lack proper function |
What are the two types of tumors? | benign and malignant |
Benign tumor | a tumor that does not spread |
Metastasis | the process of a cancer spreading |
Malignant tumor | type of tumor that is likely to spread to other parts of the body |
What are the three treatments for cancer? | surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. |
Regulatory proteins | proteins that speed up or slow down the cell cycle |
Cyclins | these are proteins that regulate the cell cycle |
Internal Regulators | regulatory proteins that respond to events inside the cell |
External Regulators | regulators that respond to activity outside the cell |
Growth Factors | these are external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth of embryos and the wound healing |
Asexual reproduction | reproduction by binary fission or mitosis that creates new identical cells from a single cell |
Sexual reproduction | the making of new organisms that are genetically different than either parent |
Cell surface area to volume ratio | a ratio that shows that the volume of the cell increases faster than the surface area causing there to be a difficulty moving materials into and out of the cell. |
Metastasis | when cancer cells spread from one location of the body to another |
Cell differentiation | the process by which cells become specialized |
Stem Cells | are cells that haven’t become specialized |
Adult Stem Cells | stem cells found in adults that are multipotent(can be come other types of cell in same tissue) |
Embryonic stem cells | are stem cells found in the embryo of organisms that can become any type of cell in the body. |
Possible stem cell benefits | being able to repair all the tissues of the body |
Ethical Issues | human embryonic stem cell research is controversial because the arguments for and against it both involve the ethical issues of life and death |
iPS cells | induced pluripotent stem cells are adult stem cells that are made to be able to become more types of specialized cells. |