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CRCT Review
terms you need to know for the test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Appalachian Plateau | Northwest Corner TAG Corner Part of Appalachian Mountain Chain |
| Ridge and Valley | Known for producing apples Rome is located here Textiles and Carpet (Dalton) |
| Blue Ridge | Highest Mountain Brasstown Bald More than half of Georgia’s precipitation Most of Georgia’s rivers start here |
| Piedmont | Atlanta, Athens, Gainesville Half of the state population Poultry production |
| Coastal Plain | Largest Region Farming Deep Water Ports of Savannah and Brunswick |
| Okefenokee Swamp | Southeast corner of the state near Florida Largest Swamp in the state |
| Savannah River | Divides Georgia and South Carolina Goes through the cities of Savannah and Augusta |
| Chattahoochee River | Runs through Atlanta and Columbus Divides Alabama and Georgia |
| Barrier Islands | Located on the outer coastal plain Protects the coastal plain farmland from storms and erosion |
| Transportation Systems | Interstate Highways Deep Water Ports Airports Railroads |
| Paleo Indians | Oldest Indian Culture Atlatl, chased herds of cliffs, nomadic |
| Archaic Indians | Pottery, Axe Moved seasonally |
| Woodland Indians | Formed Tribes Bow and arrow Domed shaped huts |
| Mississippian Indians | Farmed corn, squash and beans Used tobacco in religious ceremonies Had large villages with fences and moats |
| Spanish Missions | Settlements designed to spread Catholicism St. Augustine Florida was the 1st in North America Several Missions on Georgia’s Barrier Islands |
| European Exploration | Spain, England and France Looking for wealth, trade routes and colonies |
| James Oglethorpe | Founded Georgia Colony for debtors because of his friend Robert Castell King wanted wealth and a defensive buffer against Spanish Florida |
| Charter of 1732 | Set rules for colonists and established trustees Didn’t allow lawyers, Catholics, liquor dealers and slavery Required people farm a portion of their land for mulberry trees |
| Tomochichi | Yamacraw Indian Chief who helped colonist survive |
| Mary Musgrove | Translator and trading post owner who helped colonists |
| City of Savannah | Designed by Robert Castell 24 squares like famous cities in Europe |
| Salzburgers | Austrian immigrants who founded Ebenezer and New Ebenezer Left Europe because of religious differences with the Catholic Church Protestant |
| Highland Scots | Settled in Darien Came to help with defense in Georgia |
| Malcontents | Settlers upset about not having slavery and the Charters Rules |
| John Reynolds | 1st Royal Governor Bicameral Legislature Was kicked out for trying to run the colony by himself |
| Henry Ellis | 2nd royal governor Colony succeeded economically Farms were more profitable and merchants increased selling goods Had to leave due to illness |
| James Wright | Improved Savannah’s defenses Promoted large farms or plantations Cash crops and slavery Governor who started off popular, but with the Revolution was arrested, escaped to Great Britain, and then returned to capture Savannah |
| French and Indian War | France and England fight for the Ohio River Valley and parts of North America England wins but end up needing to tax the colonies to make up their financial losses Indians who sided with the French lose their land |
| Proclamation of 1763 | St. Mary’s river is Georgia’s southern border Citizens are forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains Cherokee and Creek gave up land in eastern Georgia |
| Stamp Act | Taxed newspaper, legal documents, and licenses Georgia set up the Stamp Act Congress to protest Liberty Boys protested the Stamp Act Georgia was the only colony to sell the stamps |
| Intolerable Acts | Punishment for the Boston Tea Party Quartering Act, Closed Boston Harbor until the Tea was repaid No town meetings and British Soldiers couldn’t be tried in Colonial Court |
| Declaration of Independence | Hall, Gwinnett, and Walton signed for Georgia in Philadelphia "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" "all men are created equal" |
| Loyalist | Colonists loyal to Great Britain Also called Tories and Royalists |
| Elijah Clarke | General that won the battle of Kettle Creek Clarke county named after him |
| Austin Dabney | Slave who fought in the Battle of Kettle Creek and received land for bravery |
| Nancy Hart | Legendary woman who shot a group of Tories |
| Siege of Savannah | France and the colonists tried to take back the city of Savannah It was a failure and Savannah remained in British control |
| Georgia Constitution of 1777 | Legislative branch had the most power and selected the governor Unicameral legislature like the Articles of Confederation John Treutlen was selected as the first governor |
| Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the United States Created a weak unicameral central government Created weak so as to not be like having a king |
| The role of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 | Georgia wanted a strong central government so they could expand into Indian lands Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the Constitutuion Few and Baldwin singed the Constitution for Georgia |
| UGA | Land Grant University First public state university |
| Louisville | Third capital of Georgia because it was more centrally located Yazoo Land Sales were burned in front of the capital building |
| Baptist and Methodist | Two major religions in Georgia during the Great Revival Period Methodist Circuit Riders visited small towns Methodists did not allow slavery |
| Headright System | Land East of the Oconee River Heads of households could receive up to 1000 acres of land |
| Land Lottery | Land west of the Oconee River Buy a chance to spin a wheel and win land Widows, war veterans and heads of households were given more chances |
| Yazoo Land Fraud | Land companies bribed the General Assembly & Governor Mathews for Mississippi and Alabama The public found out about the sale & protested in Louisville by burning the land deeds The U.S. gov. settled the false claims and took land away from Georgia |
| Cotton Gin | Eli Whitney Increased the demand for slaves Took the seeds out of the cotton |
| Railroads | Increased the speed at which goods could be transferred Helped increase the cotton industry and the need for slaves Terminus (Atlanta) was where train lines ended |
| Alexander McGillivary | Creek Chief who gave away Indian Lands along the Oconee River Signed the Treaty of New York with President Washington |
| William McIntosh | Signed the Treaty of Indian Springs with his Cousin Governor George Troup This gave away the rest of Creek land in Georgia Was murdered by the Creek for giving away land that wasn’t his to give away |
| Sequoyah | Invented the Cherokee Syllabary |
| Dahlonega Gold Rush | Gold was discovered in 1829 This forced the Cherokee off their land and eventually onto the Trail of Tears |
| Worcester versus Georgia | Court Case involving missionaries trying to help the Cherokee. Marshall said Cherokee do not have to obey state law. |
| Andrew Jackson/Indian Removal Act | President signed into law that all Native Americans be moved to western territories. |
| Causes of the Civil War | Slavery-States Rights-Economy-Sectionalism |
| States’ Rights | States laws and needs are more important than the U.S. Governments |
| Nullification | To ignore federal laws South Carolina crisis over tariffs |
| Missouri Compromise | Compromise that brought in Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state |
| Compromise of 1850 | California becomes a free state, and the Fugitive Slave Act was passed |
| Georgia Platform | Held the union together by designing the Fugitive Slave Act and supporting the Compromise of 1850 |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Law that allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska could each vote on the slavery issue. |
| Dred Scott | A slave who sued the government for his freedom since he lived in a free state Court refused to hear the case since slaves were not citizens and therefore could not sue |
| Election of 1860 | Lincoln won the election without any electoral votes from the south The southern states seceded immediately after |
| Alexander Stephens | Vice President of the Confederacy |
| Secession Debate in Georgia | Immediate secession (leave the United States and join Confederacy) or wait: Alexander Stephens (let’s wait) |
| Antietam | Bloodiest one-day battle in American history |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by President Lincoln to free slave in southern states |
| Gettysburg | Major Union victory Turning point of the war Bloodiest battle of the war |
| Chickamauga | First major battle in Georgia Over railroad junctions Confederacy/Georgia won battle |
| Union Blockade | Union strategy to block the southern ports Blocked the city of Savannah |
| Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign | He waged "total war" by destroying everything that could support the enemy army (railroads, food supplies, etc) |
| Sherman’s March to the Sea | Union (Northern) general that burned Atlanta and March to the sea (Savannah) |
| Andersonville | Name of an infamous Civil War prisoner of war camp located in Georgia Shortages of food, medicine, etc. |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | Organization started to help former slaves adjust to freedom Assisted poor whites- food, clothing, job, shelter, etc. |
| Sharecropping | People rented land and paid the rent with a certain percentage of their harvest each year |
| Tenant Farming | A system of farming where farmers rented their land from the landowner, and were allowed to grow crops but they had some tools of their own |
| Reconstruction | The steps taken to restore the Southern states into the Union (1865-1872) |
| 13th Amendment | Illegalized Slavery Slavery ended |
| 14th Amendment | Equal Citizenship and equal protection under the law regardless of skin color or being a slave |
| 15th Amendment | Allowed all males to vote Henry McNeal Turner (African-American Congressman representing Georgia) |
| Ku Klux Klan | Domestic Terrorist Group/Blacks-Jews-Catholics/Spread hate Fought to resist Reconstruction |
| Bourbon Triumvirate | Gordon, Brown, Colquitt White supremacy and bringing big business to Georgia, supported “New South” |
| Henry Grady | “New South” Brought business to Georgia and the International Cotton Exposition Progressive Journalist |
| International Cotton Exposition | Highlighted Georgia’s industry Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech |
| Tom Watson | Rural Free Delivery Bill (RFD) Wrote articles that cause the lynching of Leo Frank and the Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 |
| Rebecca Latimer Felton | 1st woman in the U.S. Senate Journalist who wrote about women’s suffrage, temperance and prison reform |
| Populist Party | Supported farmers Tom Watson - leader |
| 1906 Atlanta Race Riot | Misleading newspaper article caused African-Americans and whites to fight - Tom Watson |
| Leo Frank Case | Jewish factory owner wrongfully accused of murdering Mary Phagan Was eventually lynched, anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) |
| County Unit System | Gave more power to smaller/rural counties and tended to favor whites |
| Jim Crow Laws | Separate but equal facilities |
| Plessy versus Ferguson | Partially black man sat in the all whites section of a train Court ruled that Jim Crow Laws should be followed “separate but equal” |
| Disenfranchisement | Take away voting rights Poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause, county unit system, white primary |
| Booker T. Washington | Atlanta Compromise Speech Economic equality, president of Tuskeegee Institute education first, then integration |
| WEB DuBois | The Soul of Back Folk “Talented Tenth” Social and political integration NOW |
| John and Lugenia Hope | YMCA and NAACP Health care and housing improvements in the black community John - Morehouse College president |
| Alonzo Herndon | Atlanta Mutual Insurance First person born as a slave to own his own business |
| Causes of Georgia’s depression | Boll Weevil Cotton Price Dropping Drought In depression before the rest of the U.S. |
| Great Depression Causes | Overproduction of farms and factories Banks taking too much risk with loans (bank failures) Over speculation in the stock market/stock market crash Consumer spending declines |
| Eugene Talmadge | Initially disliked New Deal Programs Fired university officials trying to integrate schools Died before becoming governor again (3 governors controversy) |
| New Deal | Help Unemployed Fix the economy Improve living conditions |
| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | Single white males employed to build levees, roads, airports and other infrastructure |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) | Paid farmers to produce less in an attempt to raise prices |
| Rural Electrification Act | Brought electricity to rural Georgia |
| Social Security | Developed a retirement system for U.S. citizens |
| Lend Lease | Loaning or giving weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union to avoid entering World War II |
| Bell Aircraft | Airplane factory in Marietta that employed thousands of Georgians |
| Military Bases | Fort Gordon, Fort McPherson and Fort Benning Brought jobs to the cities and improved Georgia’s economy Fort Benning = Infantry Training |
| Savannah and Brunswick Shipyards | Build Liberty Ships that employed thousands of Georgians |
| Richard Russell | School Lunch Act |
| Carl Vinson | U.S. Senator (arms committee) Two Ocean Navy and increased naval aviation |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | Warm Springs, Georgia (polio) Little White House |
| Agriculture to Industry | Georgia Farms produced less so workers moved to cities Military bases and factories created jobs in cities Technology made it possible to do more work w/ fewer farmers |
| William Hartsfield | “A city too busy to hate” Increased the Atlanta Airport into an aviation Hub Worked to integrate schools |
| Ivan Allen | Took the “whites only” signs down from Atlanta’s City Hall Helped bring major sports teams to Atlanta Integrated city fire and police departments |
| Ellis Arnall | Removed poll tax 18 year olds could vote 3 governors controversy |
| Herman Talmadge | Didn’t want to integrate schools Minimum Foundation Program for Education Act 3 governors controversy – won special election |
| Benjamin Mays | Taught at Morehouse College Mentored Martin Luther King Jr. Suported the NAACP and YMCA Met with Gandhi |
| 1946 Governor Race | Eugene Talmadge died before taking office Ellis Arnall, Herman Talmadge and Melvin Thompson all claim the office Herman Talmadge wins a run off election against Thompson |
| White Primary | The disfranchisement of black voters is ended when they are allowed to vote in primaries in 1946 |
| Brown versus the Board of Education | NAACP and the Brown family sue to go to a white school in Kansas Supreme Court overturned the Plessy versus Ferguson decision (All schools are to be integrated) |
| 1956 Flag | Georgia changes the state flag to protest integration of schools The Confederate Battle Flag offends some and pleases others Georgia’s Governor Sonny Perdue changes the flag in 2003 |
| Sibley Commission | Surveyed Georgians to see if they wanted to integrate schools Survey found that most Georgians would rather not go to public school than integrate with blacks |
| Martin Luther King, Jr. | non-violence “I have a dream” speech during the March on Washington Montgomery Bus Boycott and Albany Movement |
| Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) | Helped blacks register to vote and used sit-ins and freedom rides |
| Albany Movement | SNCC and NAACP helped demonstrators organize the protest Tried to integrate Albany but was unsuccessful |
| March on Washington | Protest of Congress not passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 quickly enough “I have a dream speech” |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Made the 14th Amendment Stronger |
| Voting Rights Act of 1964 | Gave enforcement agencies the power to make sure everyone could vote |
| Maynard Jackson | 1st African-American mayor in the south Expanded the Atlanta Airport Helped bring the Olympics to Atlanta along with Billy Paine and Andrew Young |
| Lester Maddox | Appointed more African Americans to government positions than all prior governors combined Wanted to keep facilities segregated |
| Andrew Young | Georgia’s first African American Congressmen Helped bring the Olympics to Georgia Was mayor of Atlanta after Maynard Jackson Ambassador to the United Nations |
| Georgia Constitution | First – 1777, last one – 1983 Bill of Rights, 3 branches, voting and elections, education |
| Separation of Powers | Each government branch involves separate people and powers |
| Checks and Balances | Governor veto General Assembly override veto Supreme Court – law unconstutional |
| Responsibilities | Pay taxes Serve on jury Volunteering Voting |
| Voting Qualifications | 18 U.S. citizen Legal resident of GA No felonies |
| Elections | Primary – first election to decide Republican & Democrat candidates General – election to decide who will be governor, senator, sheriff, etc. |
| Political Parties | After Reconstruction, only Democrat Now, more Republicans but still some Democrats One party to two political parties |
| Bill becomes a law | Proposal, Committee, Floor Action, Conference Committee, Passage, Governor |
| Governor/Lieutenant Governor Qualifications | 30 years old, lived in GA 6 years, US citizen for 15 years |
| State Senator Qualifications | 25 years old, lived in GA 2 years and district one year, US citizen |
| State Representative Qualifications | 21 years old, lived in GA 2 years and district one year, US citizen |
| Executive Branch Departments | Department of Education (PK-12 public schools), Department of Public Safety (Highway Patrol, Capitol Police), Department of Transportation (fix roads), Department of Economic Development (bring businesses in like movies), Natural Resources (parks) |
| Judge Qualifications | practiced law for seven years, live in the county or state, elected county or statewide |
| Criminal law | laws that protect society from wrong-doers |
| Civil law | laws dealing with relationship among individuals (ex. suing someone over disagreement) |
| Adult justice | pretrial, trial, serious crimes have a trial by jury |
| County government | Commissioners (major authority), sheriff (enforces laws), tax commissioner, clerk of superior court (keeps records) |
| Municipality | city or town like Braselton, Hoschton, Dacula, etc. |
| Weak-mayor council | Mayor shares duties with council |
| Strong-mayor council | Mayor can veto legislation passed by city council, but the council can override veto |
| Council manager | Council makes ordinances/laws, city manager is hired to do the work |
| Special purpose districts | MARTA, Hartsfield-Jackson International, Georgia Ports Authority, local school systems |
| Delinquent behavior | act committed by a juvenile that would be a crime according to adult law |
| Unruly behavior | act committed by a juvenile that would not be a crime (leaving home without permission, possession of alcohol, breaking curfew, skipping school) |
| Juvenile Justice process | Intake, adjudicatory hearing (only judge hears, no jury), disposition hearing, sentencing, appeal |
| Seven most serious delinquent behaviors (or "seven deadly sins") | Juvenile can be tried as an adult |
| Coca-Cola | John Pemberton, Asa Candler, Robert Woodruff beverage, drink |
| Delta | C.E. Woolman airline company |
| Georgia Pacific | Owen Cheatham lumber, paper, tissue |
| Home Depot | Arthur Blank and Bernie Marcus home improvement warehouses |
| Largest source of state revenue | personal income tax |
| Juvenile rights (when taken into custody) | right to have guardian present during questioning, no names or photographs published, two phone calls (parent/attorney), right to not self-incriminate, not be placed with adult criminals, right to contact parents immediately |
| Jimmy Carter | Governor of Georgia Only person from Georgia elected president Problems with Iran/Soviet Union Success with Egypt/Israel peace |
| Olympic Games | 1996 Brought in business/tourism Interrupted by bomb |
| Immigrants to Georgia | More people coming from Latin America and Asia Textiles, agriculture (poultry), construction |
| Hernando de Soto | Spanish explorer who was looking for gold in the New World, first European explorer in Georgia, killed Native Americans from disease and battle |
| Patriot | Colonists who wanted to separate from Great Britain |
Created by:
chlov531