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Middle East
The Middle East
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Al-Qaida | An international terrorist group that was led by Osama Bin Laden |
Osama Bin Laden | The Saudi Arabian leader of Al-Qaida. His terrorist organization claimed responsibility for the September 11th attacks. |
Terrorism | Deliberate use of random violence, especially against civilians, to achieve political goals. |
Hamas | A radical Islamic group active in Palestine. |
Islamic Fundamentalists | Muslims who strictly follow the teachings of the Koran and reject western ideas. |
Kurds | The ethnic minority in Turkey and Iraq whose efforts to win freedom have led to repression. |
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) | A group formed in 1964 that represents Palestinian nationalists and was dedicated to the destruction of Israel. |
Saddam Hussein | The former dictator of Iraq, found guilty of human rights violations. He was removed from power by U.S. led forces in 2003. |
Yasir Arafat | Leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization and his goal was the destruction of Israel. |
Sunni Muslims | The largest branch of Islam. They believe that all of the first four caliphs, or Islamic leaders, were rightfully selected by the Muslim community following the death of Mohammed. |
Shiite Muslims | The majority of people in Iran and Iraq. They believe that only the heirs to the fourth caliph, Mohammed’s son-in-law Ali, are Mohammed’s legitimate leaders of Islam. |
Junta | A group of military officers ruling a country after seizing power. |
Theocracy | A government ruled by religious leaders. |
Ayatollah Khomeini | Was the revolutionary Islamic fundamentalist leader of Iran who came to power in 1979. |
Sanction | A penalty. |
Shah Reza Pahlavi | Modernized Iran and was supported by the west. Ayatollah Khomeini and his followers overthrew him and set up a theocracy. |
Gamal Abdel Nassar | Former Egyptian president who attempted to modernize his country. Known for nationalizing the Suez Canal and waging war against Israel. |
Anwar Sadat | Former Egyptian president who attempted to westernize Egypt by opening the country up to foreign investment. He was the first Arab leader to recognize the state of Israel. |
Suez Canal | Strategic waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red seas. It was controlled by the French and British until it was nationalized in 1956. |
Pan-Arabism | Movement emphasizing the unity of all people sharing a common Arab cultural heritage. |
Sharia | The system of Islamic law. |
Arab Spring | A series of uprisings in Arab countries, beginning in Tunisia in December 2010, in which protesters challenged the existing authoritarian regimes. |
Kemal Ataturk | Westernized and modernized Turkey in the early 1900’s. |
Secular | Having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters. Non-religious. |
Arabian Peninsula | A peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; strategically important for its oil resources. |