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Mr. Wills Holt Ch3
Mr. Wills Holt Ch 3
Term/? | Definition/Answer |
---|---|
atom | smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means. |
proton | the positive particles found in the nucleus of an atom |
electron | the negative particles found orbiting the nucleus |
neutron | a particle found in the nucleus of an atom that has no charge |
valence electrons | electrons in the outermost energy level (shell). Atoms prefer to have eight valence e-. |
electron cloud | area around the nucleus that electron are likely to be found |
element | a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means |
isotope | an atom of an element that has a different number of neutrons |
chemical bond | a force that holds atoms together; either covalent, ionic or hydrogen bonds |
molecule | when two or more atoms are held together by chemical bonds |
Covalent bonding | when two atoms share electrons in such a way that all atoms have eight valence electrons forming the strongest bonds. Ex water. This bond is between atoms. |
Ionic Bonding | when an atom gives up or gains an electron to develop an electrical charge. Ex. NaCl Works similar to a magnet. This bond is between atoms. |
Polar molecules | molecules that have unequal charges. One side is more – or ¬¬+. Ex. H2O, The weakest type of bond. This bond is between molecules. |
Solubility | the ability to dissolve in a fluid |
Dissolve | to break down into the smallest parts |
Cohesion | the attraction between molecules of the same substance |
Adhesion | the attraction between different molecules of different substances |
Solution | a homogeneous mixture through out which two or more substances are equally spread |
pH | scale to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance |
ion | a molecule that is missing or has an extra electron |
What r 4 unique properties of H2O? | floats, absorbs/retains heat, cohesion to polar molecules, adhesion to polar molecules |
acid | a substance that gives off hydronium ions when dissolved. H+. pH 0-6.9 |
base | a substance that gives off hydroxide ions when dissolved. OH-. pH 7.1-14 Ex. Lemon juice |
neutral pH | pH of 7 Ex. Pure water |
buffer | a substance that neutralizes both acids and bases ex. Coral Reefs |
biomolecules/macromolecules | large molecules that are many of many repeating subunits that are necessary for life |
monomer | the subunits that make up larger molecules |
polymers | macromolecules |
carbohydrates | molecules that are made of sugars and includes sugars, starches, and fiber. Carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. |
Monomer of carbs | sugars |
Monosaccharide | single sugar |
Disaccharide | double sugar |
Polysaccharide | many sugars |
Starches | carbs used for energy |
Cellulose | carbs used for structure in plants |
Chiton | carb used for structure in insects |
3functions of carbs | energy, structure and cell recognition |
What shapes do sugars form | pentagons and hexagons |
Lipids | a fat molecule or a molecule that has similar properties; wax and sterols |
2 functions of lipids | long term energy storage, water barriers, insulate organs |
Monomer of lipids | fatty acids and carbon chains |
Proteins | macromolecule made of long chains of amino acids Ex. Muscles, Enzymes, hair, hooves |
Amino acid | a compound that contains an amino acid (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable group. |
Peptide bond | holds amino acids together to form proteins |
Functions of proteins | movement, structures and support, and catylysts |
Nucleic Acids | a long chain of nucleotides. Ex. DNA, RNA, ATP |
Nucleotide | the monomer for nucleic acids |
Function of Nucleic Acids | Store Heredity Info. (DNA), RNA helps make protein, ATP transports immediate energy. |
Energy | the ability to make things move or change matter. |
Reactant(s) | a substance or substances that are involved in a chemical reaction |
Chemical change | when one substance changes into another substance |
Law of conservation of mass | matter cannot be created or destroyed only change form |
Law of conservation of energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed only change form |
Product | a substance that forms after a chemical reaction |
Activation energy | the amount of energy need for a chemical reaction to occur |
Enzyme | a molecule that increases the speed of biochemical reactions |
Active site | part of an enzyme where the reactions take place |
Substrate(s) | substance(s) that are either broken down or put together by enzymes |
Catalysts | substances that speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process |