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Pharm I Review
Veterinary medication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which is an example of a modern drug which originated from a plant or herb? Listerine? sulfadiazine? aspirin? naproxen? | Aspirin |
| Principles of medicine and pharmacology are documented in ancient Egypt. True/False? | true |
| Who accidentally discovered Penicillium mold's effect on bacteria? | Fleming |
| What substances do antibacterials kill? | Bacteria |
| What are antibiotics derived from? | Derived from living organisms |
| Which is an example of a biologic? Penicillin? Listerine? Frontline? Distemper vaccine? | Distemper vaccine |
| When was the FDA established? 1906? 1938? 1936? 1972? | 1906 |
| What act gave authority to the FDA? | Food Drug and Cosmetic Act |
| A drug which is being used for a different purpose or in a species it was not originally intended for is referred to as being: | Extralabel |
| The FDA allows veterinarians to use ALL human pharmaceuticals in food producing animals. True/False? | False |
| What are controlled substances? | Drugs considered dangerous because of their potential for abuse |
| Drug A is a CII drug and drug B is a CIII, which drug has greater potential for abuse? | Drug A |
| Which of the following are included in regulations for dealing with controlled substances? Be kept in a locked safe or cabinet? Require a written prescription? Logs of purchase, dispensing, waste and remaining volume/amount be accurately kept | All |
| Which of the following medications are controlled substances? Propofol? Amoxicillin? Prednisone? Valium/diazepam? Phenobarbital? | Valium/diazepam and phenobarbital |
| What are short term toxicity studies monitoring for? | Severe adverse reactions which occur in the hours immediately following dosing |
| What are preclinical studies being performed on a potential drug evaluating? | Safety and efficacy |
| What are clinical trials determining? | Safety and efficacy in the target species |
| What is carcinogenicity evaluating in a drug? | If the drug causes cancer |
| What do reproductive studies in a drug determine? | If product affects conception, fertilization |
| LD50 is the dose of pharmaceutical which... | kills half of the animal receiving the drug |
| Drug A has an LD50 of 25 mg/kg. Drug B has an LD 50 of 60 mg/kg. Which drug is considered safer? | Drug B |
| Drug A has an ED50 of 5 mg/kg. Drug B has an ED50 of 45 mg/kg. which drug requires less medication to be effective? | Drug A |
| What does the therapeutic index determine? | The amount of drug which is effective with minimal toxicity |
| How is the therapeutic index calculated? | By dividing LD50 by ED50 |
| What is the Therapeutic Index also called? | Margin of safety |
| How does a pharmaceutical company protect its investment? | By applying for a patent |
| Drug A has an LD50 of 25 mg/kg and an ED of 5 mg/kg. Drug B has an LD50 of 60 mg/kg and an ED50 of 45 mg/kg. Which drug is safer? | Drug A |
| What does a pharmaceutical company who wants to market a generic drug have to apply for? | Abbreviated New Drug Application |
| Are generic drugs patented? | No |
| The active ingredient/drug of a generic drug must.... | Be identical to the proprietary drug |
| Asks for approval of a drug which has completed testing | NADA |
| Allows research on new pesticides | EUP |
| Allows use of drugs in non-target species | ELDU |
| Asks for approval after successful preclinical trial completion | INAD |
| Clarified the extralabel use of drugs | AMDUCA |
| How a drug biochemically works in the body | Pharmacodynamics |
| Ability to produce birth defects | Teratogenicity |
| Use of drugs for treatment | Pharmacotherapy |
| Movement of drugs into and out of the body | Pharmacokinetics |
| The alteration of a drug into its active form (metabolism) | Biotransformation |
| Who regulates tetanus toxoid? | USDA |
| Who regulates penicillin? | FDA |
| Who regulates the bordatella vaccine? | USDA |
| Who regulates Heartgard? | FDA |
| Who regulates Frontline? | EPA |
| What is the Black Plague also called? | Bubonic plague |
| Who is the father of medicine? | Hippocrates |
| What did Van Leewenhoek invent? | A better lens for the microscope |
| When did the first veterinary college open in the US? | 1852 |
| How many veterinary colleges are in the US and Canada? | 33 |
| What is the term for how much drug is given per body weight unit? | Dosage |
| Which of these is a reason a drug can't be given (contraindicated) orally? It is destroyed by stomach acid before absorption? The drug is lipophilic? You want it to work within 6-12 hours? It should be given with food? | It is destroyed by stomach acid before absorption |
| Which of these is a contraindication to IM administration of a drug? The owner has trouble giving pills? It is slower than the oral route? The volume of drug is too small? The volume of drug is too large? | The volume of drug is too large |
| What is initially giving a larger amount to bring blood levels up quickly called? | Loading dose |
| A 10lb dog is prescribed a drug to be given 3 mg/kg TID. How many times a day is the dog to receive each dose? | Three |
| A 10 lb cat is to be given a medication at 225mg divided TID. How much dose the cat take at each dose? | 75mg |
| If a 60lb dog is taking 100mg TID what is the total daily dose? | 300mg |
| Drug A has a bioavailability of 0.7 Drug B has a bioavailability of 0.4. All other factors being equal, which drug will reach higher blood levels? | Drug A |
| When may toxicity occur in an otherwise safe drug? | The patient is taking other medication which compete for metabolism |
| What blocks the receptor site of the toxin? | A competitive antidote |
| What is the term for the amount of time it takes for a drug level to decrease by half? | The half life of a drug |
| Which of the following is true for the blood brain barrier? Protects the brain and CNS against the effects of many drugs? Lacks fenestrations between vascular endothelial cells? Is affected by fever and inflammation? | All |
| Medications can cross the placenta and affect the fetus. True/False | True |
| What is the primary site of drug metabolism? | Liver |
| What is the primary site of drug excretion? | Kidney |
| Withdrawal time is the amount of time.... | after the last dose of medication during which the animal or products cannot be sent to market |
| What animals are we concerned with for withdrawal times? | Milk and meat products |
| List the routes of administration in order of fastest to slowest absorption. | IV, IM, SQ, Oral |
| This mechanism can move molecules against the concentration gradient. | Active transport mechanisms |
| Does passive or facilitated diffusion move chemicals from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration? | Both |
| What is cell drinking called? | Pinocytosis |
| In metabolism phagocytosis is a mechanism to.... | transport large molecules into a cell |
| What is the chemical alteration of drugs by the cells called? | Biotransformation |
| What does metabolism of a drug in the liver involve? | Cytochrome P450 |
| What is increased levels of metabolic enzymes after repeated exposure to a drug? | Induction |
| Where do diffusion and secretion take place during drug excretion in the kidney? | The convoluted tubules |
| Where does resorption of drugs in the kidney take place? | Loop of Henle |
| If the blood flow to a tissue is increased drug levels in that tissue will... | Increase |
| If blood flow to the kidneys is increased drug excretion will ___ and blood levels will ____ | drug excretion will increase and blood levels will decrease |
| Drug A is excreted in the bile. If liver function is impaired the blood levels of Drug A will? Why? | blood levels of Drug A will increase because excretion decrease |
| Hypotension will cause excretion of drugs to increase or decrease by the kidney? | Decrease |
| This binds to a receptor and causes an action | An agonist |
| This permanently alters the receptor of the agonist | A noncompetitive antagonist |
| This is the strength of binding between a drug and its receptor | Affinity |
| The altered ion state which prohibits drug movement | Ion trapping |
| Takes/administers directly into the tissue/blood | Parenteral |
| Fine particles in a liquid which settle out | Suspension |
| Inhale a fine mist | Nebulize |
| Reduced effect of a drug after repeated use | Tolerance |
| Non ionized | Lipophilic |
| Movement of drug from the site of administration to the target tissue | Absorption |
| Passive movement of drugs which requires a carrier molecule | Facilitated diffusion |
| Degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the blood | Bioavailability |
| What type of drug is most easily absorbed into a cell? | Lipophilic |
| What needs to happen to a drug to have it move out of a cell into the bloodstream? | Ionize |
| An acidic drug is given orally. Where is it most likely to be absorbed? | The stomach |
| A 48.4 lb dog is to be given a tablet at 15mg/kg, The bioavailability is 0.7 What is the effective dose the dog is receiving? | 231mg |
| Two drugs have a calculated dose of 100mg. Drug A has a bioavailability of 0.6. Drug B has a bioavailability of 0.9. Drug A has a therapeutic range of 55-75mg. Drug B has a therapeutic range of 75-85mg. Which drug is safer to use? | Drug A |
| Increases gastrointestinal motility | Prokinetic |
| Describes GI movement to mix ingesta | Segmentation |
| Decreases salivation | Antisialogue |
| Induces vomiting | Emetic |
| Encourages emptying of the bowel | Laxative |
| Are antisialogues anticholinergic? | Yes |
| How do protectants treat diarrhea? | By coating GI mucosa and preventing further inflammation |
| What kind of drug absorbs bacteria, toxins and water to help treat diarrhea | Adsorbents |
| How do opiates function when treating diarrhea? | Increasing segmental contractions and decrease secretions |
| What is the theory behind using probiotics to treat diarrhea? | Probiotics restore bacterial GI balance |
| Metronidazole is an antibacterial that is used to treat what? | Diarrhea |
| What is the strongest of the GI "cleansing" agents? | Purgative |
| What kind of GI drug draws fluid out of the tissue into the GI? | Osmotic laxative |
| When should osmotic laxatives not be used? | In a dehydrated animal |
| What kind of laxative works by increasing fecal volume and water content? | Bulk forming laxatives |
| What type of GI drug lubricates feces to pass more easily? | Emollients |
| Where is the vomiting center located? | In the medulla |
| What kind of emetics irritate GI nerve endings to stimulate vomiting? | Peripheral acting emetics |
| Which of the following is true of vomiting? The same as regurgitation? Stimulated by vestibular disease? Is only caused by stimulation of the CRTZ? Stimulated by serotonin release by the pituitary gland? | Stimulated by vestibular diseases |
| Which of these are side effects of antiemetics? Hyperactivity? Sleepiness and dry mouth? Diarrhea and flatulence? Excessive salivation? | Sleepiness and dry mouth |
| How does procainamide derivatives decrease vomiting? | By blocking dopamine receptors in the CRTZ |
| What antiemetic works by blocking input to the CRTZ? | Antihistamines |
| When are emetics contraindicated? When animal has swallowed a sharp foreign body? When animal has ingested caustic toxins? When animal has ingested the owner's medication? | When animal has swallowed a sharp foreign body or ingested a caustic toxin |
| What may gastric ulceration in animals be caused by? | Kidney disease and metabolic acidosis |
| What GI drug reduces gastric acid by blocking histamine receptors in the stomach? | H2 blockers |
| What GI drug blocks absorption of some medications? | Mucosal protective drugs |
| What can prostaglandin analogs cause? | Vomiting, diarrhea, and abortion |
| What GI drug increases intestinal motility? | Prokinetic agents |
| Which is true of parasympathomimetic prokinetic agents? Indicated to control vomiting? Used to treat diarrhea? Should be used in treatment of intestinal obstruction? Contraindicated in the treatment of sharp foreign bodies? | Contraindicated in the treatment of sharp foreign bodies |
| What may prokinetic agents be used to treat? | Rumen atony or GI ileus |
| What GI drug may be used to treat esophageal reflux disease? | Proton pump inhibitors |
| What is included in the category of appetite stimulants used in veterinary medicine? Benzodiazepines? Opiates? H2 Antagonists? Serotonin Receptor Antagonists? | Benzodiazepines |
| What is the drug dirlotapide used as? | An appetite suppressant |
| What GI drug is an absorbent and detoxifier? Glycopyrrolate? Aminoentamide? Activated Charcoal? Diphenoxylate? Acidophilus? | Activated charcoal |
| Which is a probiotic? Glycopyrrolate? Aminoentamide? Activated Charcoal? Diphenoxylate? Acidophilus? | Acidophilus |
| Which drug is an opiate antidiarrheal? Glycopyrrolate? Aminoentamide? Activated Charcoal? Diphenoxylate? Acidophilus? | Diphenoxylate |
| Which drug is an antiemetic and antidiarrheal? Glycopyrrolate? Aminoentamide? Activated Charcoal? Diphenoxylate? Acidophilus? | Aminopentamide |
| Which drug is an antisialogue? Glycopyrrolate? Aminoentamide? Activated Charcoal? Diphenoxylate? Acidophilus? | Glycopyrrolate |
| Which drug is a bulk laxative? Lactulose? Psyllium? Docusate sodium(DSS)? Acepromazine? Metoclopramide? | Psyllium |
| Which drug is a phenothiazine antiemetic? Lactulose? Psyllium? Docusate sodium(DSS)? Acepromazine? Metoclopramide? | Acepromazine |
| Which drug is a procainamide derivative? Lactulose? Psyllium? Docusate sodium(DSS)? Acepromazine? Metoclopramide? | Metoclopramide |
| Which drug is an osmotic laxative? Lactulose? Psyllium? Docusate sodium(DSS)? Acepromazine? Metoclopramide? | Lactulose |
| Which drug is an emollient laxative? Lactulose? Psyllium? Docusate sodium(DSS)? Acepromazine? Metoclopramide? | Docusate Sodium |
| Which drug is a serotonin receptor antagonist? Bismuth subsalicylate? Metronidazole? Ondansetron? Syrup of ipecac? | Ondansetron |
| Which drug is a peripheral acting emetic? Bismuth subsalicylate? Metronidazole? Ondansetron? Syrup of ipecac? | Syrup of ipecac |
| Which drug is a protectant antidiarrheal? Bismuth subsalicylate? Metronidazole? Ondansetron? Syrup of ipecac? | Bismuth subsalicylate |
| Which drug is an antibacterial antidiarrheal? | Metronidazole |
| Which drug is a mucosal protectant? Cimetidine? Sucralfate? Misoprostol? Omeprazole? Maropitant? | Sucralfate |
| Which drug is a prostaglandin derivative? Cimetidine? Sucralfate? Misoprostol? Omeprazole? Maropitant? | Misoprostol |
| Which drug is a neurokinin receptor antagonist? Cimetidine? Sucralfate? Misoprostol? Omeprazole? Maropitant? | Maropitant |
| Which drug is a H2 blocker? Cimetidine? Sucralfate? Misoprostol? Omeprazole? Maropitant? | Cimetidine |
| Which drug is a proton pump inhibitor? Cimetidine? Sucralfate? Misoprostol? Omeprazole? Maropitant? | Omeprazole |
| Which drug has side effects of mucosal oxidative damage? Phosphate enemas? Prostaglandin analogs? Hydrogen peroxide? Xylazine? | Hydorgen peroxide |
| Which drug should not be used for constipated cats? Phosphate enemas? Prostaglandin analogs? Hydrogen peroxide? Xylazine? | Phosphate enemas |
| Which drug can cause bradycardia? Phosphate enemas? Prostaglandin analogs? Hydrogen peroxide? Xylazine? | Xylazine |
| Which drug should not be used in pregnant animals? Phosphate enemas? Prostaglandin analogs? Hydrogen peroxide? Xylazine? | Prostaglandin analogs |
| Which drug can cause irreversible diabetes in cats? Atropine? Metoclopramide? Progestins? Dirlotapide? | Progestins |
| Which drug can cause hepatic lipidosis in cats? Atropine? Metoclopramide? Progestins? Dirlotapide? | Dirlotapide |
| Which drug can cause hypotension and ventricular fibrillation? Atropine? Metoclopramide? Progestins? Dirlotapide? | Metoclopramide |
| Which drug can cause dry mouth and tachycardia? Atropine? Metoclopramide? Progestins? Dirlotapide? | Atropine |
| Which drug blocks acetylcholine at parasympathetic nerves? Phenothiazines? Procainamide derivatives? H2 blockers? Proton pump inhibitors? Antisialogues? | Procainamide derivatives |
| Which drug blocks histamine receptors of stomach cells? Phenothiazines? Procainamide derivatives? H2 blockers? Proton pump inhibitors? Antisialogues? | H2 blockers |
| WHich drug irreversibly bind to enzymes of stomach cells? Phenothiazines? Procainamide derivatives? H2 blockers? Proton pump inhibitors? Antisialogues? | Proton pump inhibitors |
| Which drug is a dopamine antagonist? Phenothiazines? Procainamide derivatives? H2 blockers? Proton pump inhibitors? Antisialogues? | Antisialogues |
| Which drug inhibits dopamine in CRTZ Phenothiazines? Procainamide derivatives? H2 blockers? Proton pump inhibitors? Antisialogues? | Phenothiazines |
| What is an antibiotic that kills bacteria called? | Bactericidal |
| What is an antibiotic that inhibits the growth or replica of bacteria called? | Bacteriostatic |
| What is the term that means an antibacterial kills both gram positive and gram negative bacteria? | Broad spectrum |
| What is the purpose of performing a culture and sensitivity? | To determine the effectiveness of different antibiotics against a bacterial agent. |
| Where were penicillins originally derived from? | Mold on a culture dish |
| What kind of penicillins are penicillins which are combined with another drug to enhance efficacy? | Potentiated penicillins |
| Are newer or older "generations" of cephalosporins beta-lactamase resistant? | Newer |
| Which of these do tetracyclines treat? Borellia burdorferii (Lyme)? Leptospira sp. ? Babesia sp. ? | All of them |
| Do imidazole antifungals have a higher or lower toxicity than polyene antifungals? | Lower |
| What is dermatomycoses commonly called? | Ringworm |
| Which are common productes used in the home and veterinary hospital which are disinfectants? Bleach? Hydrogen peroxide? Alcohol? | All of them |
| Which disinfectants kill everything including spores? | Aldehydes |
| Bleach and betadine are both.... | Halogens |
| What can biguanides be used as? | Both antiseptics and disinfectants |
| What category of antimicrobial drug is sulfadiazine? | Sulfonamide |
| What category of antimicrobial drug is amoxicillin/clavulanic acid? | Potentiated penicillin |
| What category of antimicrobial drug is doxycycline? | Tetracycline |
| What category of antimicrobial drug is gentamycin? | Aminoglycoside |
| What category of antimicrobial drug is amoxicillin? | Broad spectrum penicillin |
| What category of antimicrobial drug is enrofloxacin? | Quinolone |
| What category of antimicrobial drug is ketoconazole? | Imidazole antifungal |
| What category of antimicrobial drug is metronidazole? | Nitroimidazole |
| What category of antimicrobial drug is methicillin? | Beta-lactamase resistant penicillin |
| What category of antimicrobial drug is nystatin? | Topical polyene antifungal |
| Which of these drugs causes tooth enamel discoloration? Chloramphenicol? Amphotericin B? Tetracycline? Sulfonamide? Quinolone? | Tetracycline |
| Which of these drugs causes thrombocytopenia? Chloramphenicol? Amphotericin B? Tetracycline? Sulfonamide? Quinolone? | Sulfonamide |
| Which of these drugs interferes with cartilage in growing animals? Chloramphenicol? Amphotericin B? Tetracycline? Sulfonamide? Quinolone? | Quinolones |
| Which of these drugs causes nephrotoxicity? Chloramphenicol? Amphotericin B? Tetracycline? Sulfonamide? Quinolone? | Amphotericin B |
| Which of these drugs causes bone marrow suppression? Chloramphenicol? Amphotericin B? Tetracycline? Sulfonamide? Quinolone? | Chloraphenicol |
| What are parasites that live inside the body called? | Endoparasites |
| Which of these is an example of an ectoparasite? Tick? Roundworm? Tock? Ringworm? | Tick |
| What is a nematode a general class of? | Roundworm |
| What is the correct term for a group of flatworms? | Platyhelminths |
| What is the common name of anthelminthics? | Dewormers |
| What do anticestodals treat? | Tapeworms |
| What is the group of parasites that fluke/flatworms belong to? | Trematode |
| What is the intermediate host of most fluke/flatworms? | A snail |
| What is the most common source of coccidial and Giardia exposure? | Fecal contamination/ingestion |
| Which is Heartworm preventative effective against? Microfiliaria? Third stage larvae? Adult parasites? Tissue cysts? | Third stage larvae |
| Adulticide treatment for heartworm disease does not kill microfilaria. True/false? | True |
| How do insect growth regulators work? | By interrupting the molting process |
| Which of these antiparasitics should not be used on cats? DEET? Essential oils? Amitraz? | All of them |
| What parasite is praziquantel commonly used for? | Cestodes |
| What parasite is metronidazole commonly used for? | Giardia |
| What parasite is pyrantel pamoate commonly used for? | Nematodes |
| What parasite is clorsulon commonly used for? | Trematodes |
| What parasite is sulfadimethoxine commonly used for? | Coccidia |
| What flea product is a systemic flea treatment? | Selamectin (Revolution) |
| What flea product kills fleas in thirty minutes? | Nitenpyram (Capstar) |
| What flea product prevents the flea from molting? | Methoprene |
| What flea product is a topical nonsytemic and kills fleas and ticks? | Fipronil (Frontline) |
| What flea product prevents the hard shell from developing? | Lufenuron (Program) |
| What flea product is a topical nonsystemic and kills only fleas? | Imidacloprid (Advantage) |
| What stage of heartworm disease does a high dose of ivermectin kill? | Microfilaria |
| Is a low dose of ivermectin an oral or topical preventative? | Oral |
| What stage of heartworm disease does melarsomine kill? | Adult |
| Is selamectin an oral or a topical preventative? | Topical |
| Is a low dose of milbemycin a topical or an oral preventative? | Oral |
| What parasitic drug group does fenbendazole belong in? | Benzimidazole |
| What parasitic drug group does fipronil belong in? | Phenylpyrazole |
| What parasitic drug group does pyrantel belong in? | Tetrahydropyrimidine |
| What parasitic drug group does ivermectin belong in? | Avermectin |
| What parasitic drug group does metronidazole belong in? | Nitroimidazole |
| What drug classification is cephalosporins? | Cell wall agent |
| What drug classification is polymixin? | Cell membrane agent |
| What drug classification is macrolides? | Protein synthesis agent |
| What drug classification is sulfonamides? | Antimetabolite |
| What drug classification is quinolones? | Nucleic acid agent |
| Which drug is a cholinergic agonist? Fenbendazole? Pyrantel? Ivermectin? Lufenuron? Fipronil? | Pyrantel |
| Which drug overstimulates nervous system? Fenbendazole? Pyrantel? Ivermectin? Lufenuron? Fipronil? | Fipronil |
| Which drug blocks invertebrate choloride channels? Fenbendazole? Pyrantel? Ivermectin? Lufenuron? Fipronil? | Ivermectin |
| Which drug interferes with energy metabolism? Fenbendazole? Pyrantel? Ivermectin? Lufenuron? Fipronil? | Fenbendazole |
| Which drug is a chitin synthesis inhibitor? Fenbendazole? Pyrantel? Ivermectin? Lufenuron? Fipronil? | Lufenuron |
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