Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
MICBIO LAB
EXAM WEEK
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Disinfectants and Antiseptics | Antimicrobial agents and both can either be bactericidal or bacteriostatic in action. |
| Bactericidal | Those result in bacterial death. |
| Bacteriostatic | Prevents growth of bacteria. |
| Antiseptic | Applied to antimicrobial agents that are used on living tissue such as skin and throat mucosa. |
| Disinfectant | Antimicrobial agents used on inanimate objects such as instruments or structural surfaces. |
| 70% alcohol | Widely used in hospitals as disinfectant and antiseptic. |
| Factors affecting the actions of disinfectants: | Concentration Time Temperature Nature of surrounding medium |
| Joseph Lister | First introduced aseptic surgery in 1867 when he used carbolic acid as a germicide. |
| Carbolic Acid (Phenol) | Is used as a standard for determining the effectiveness of other disinfectants by comparing the bactericidal effect of other disinfectants to it. |
| Phenolics | Derivatives of phenol. Kills bacteria by damaging the plasma membrane, inactivating enzymes, and denaturing proteins. |
| Phenolic Coefficient | The dilution of the disinfectant is divided by the dilution of the phenol and the resulting number is... |
| The determination of phenol coefficient must be done on standard test organisms: | Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus Aureus, and Bacillus Subtilis. |
| 2 methods of Phenol Coefficient Test: | Rideal Walker Test and Chick Martin Test |
| Rideal Walker Test (R-W Test) | It is the ratio of the dilution of the disinfectant that kills a microorganism to the dilution of phenol that kills the organism at the same time under identical conditions. |
| Chick-Martin Test | Unlike in Rideal Walker method where the test is carried out in water, the disinfectants are made to act in the presence of yeast suspension or (3% dried human feces) to simulate the presence or organic matter. |
| Disk-diffusion Method | The disks are then placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the targeted bacterium and the chemicals diffuse out of the disks into the agar where the bacteria have been inoculated. |
| Use-Dilution Test | Determine a chemical’s disinfection effectiveness on an inanimate surface. |
| Interpretation of results: (Use-dilution test) | TURBID - Bacterial survival is demonstrated by the presence of turbidity in the medium, NO TURBIDITY - target organism on the cylinder by the disinfectant will produce no turbidity. |
| Overlapping Technique | Method of Streaking Material use to transfer bacteria aseptically: Sterile cotton swab Result: measure the zone of inhibition (mm) |
| Antibiotics | Chemicals that are biosynthesized. |
| Biosynthesis | Production of substances by living organisms. |
| Genera of Microbes that produce the largest number of antibiotics: | Bacillus, Penicillium, and Streptomyces |
| Chemotherapeutic Agents | Antimicrobial chemicals used therapeutically are synthesized in the laboratory. |
| Broad Spectrum Antibiotics | They are effective against many different pathogenic bacteria. |
| 4 modes of antimicrobial mechanisms: | Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of cell membrane function inhibition of protein synthesis Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis |
| In Vitro | Latin for in glass |
| In Vivo | Latin for in life or in a living animal. |
| Kirby-Bauer Method | Method for determining bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics is employed in diagnostic laboratories because it is standardized test and therefore gives more accurate results. |
| Parasitology | Study of Parasites. Area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another. |
| Medical Parasitology | Concerned primarily with animal parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities. |
| Tropical medicine | Branch of medicine which deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions. |
| Tropical Disease | An illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area but may occur in sporadic or endemic proportions in areas that are not tropical. |
| Symbiosis | Living together of unlike organisms. |
| Commensalism | Symbiotic relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other. Ex. Entamoeba coli |
| Mutualism | Two organisms mutually benefit from each other. Ex. Termites and Flagellates |
| Parasitism | One organism, the parasites, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host. Ex. Entamoeba histolytica |
| Habitat or Mode of Development: | Endoparasite Erratic Ectoparasite Obligate parasites Facultative parasite Accidental or incidental Parasite Permanent Parasite Temporary parasite Spurious parasite |
| Endoparasite | Parasite living inside the body of a host. (Infection) |
| Erratic | Parasite is found in an organ which is not its usual habitat. |
| Ectoparasite | Parasite living outside the body of a host. (infestation) |
| Obligate Parasite | They need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species. Ex. Tapeworm |
| Facultative Parasite | May exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises. |
| Accidental or Incidental Parasite | A parasite, which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live. |
| Permanent Parasite | Remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life. |
| Temporary Parasite | Lives on the host only for a short period of time. |
| Spurious Parasite | Free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host. |
| Host may be classified into various types based on their role in the life cycle of the parasites: | Definitive or final host Intermediate host Paratenic host Reservoir host |
| Definitive Host | One in which attains sexual maturity. (ADULT PARASITE) |
| Intermediate Host | Harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite. |
| Paratenic Host | One in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages. |
| Reservoir Host | They allow the parasites life cycles to continue and become additional sources of human infection. |
| Vectors (BIOLOGIC VECTOR) | Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another. |
| Mechanical or Phoretic Vector | Only transport the parasite |
| Biologic Vector | Transmit the parasite only after the latter has completed its development, within the host. |
| Pathogens | Harmful and frequently cause mechanical injury to their host. |
| Carrier | Harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms. |
| Exposure | Process of inoculating an infective agent. |
| Infection | Connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host. |
| Incubation Period | Period between infection and evidence of symptoms. "Clinical incubation period" |
| Pre-patent Period | Period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and the evidence or demonstration of infection. "Biological incubation period" |
| Arthropods | Also serve as vectors and transmit parasites through their bites. Ex. Malaria, Filariasis, Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis |
| Autoinfection | Results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection. Ex. Enterobiasis and Capillaria Philippinensis |
| Superinfection or Hyperinfection | Happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite. Ex. Strongyloides |
| Mouth | Most common source of parasitic infection. |
| Epidemiologic Measures: | Epidemiology Incidence Prevalence Cumulative prevalence Intensity of infection Morbidity |
| Epidemiology | Study patterns, distribution, and occurrence of a disease. |
| Incidence | Number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time. |
| Prevalence | Number (usually expressed in %) of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with that of a particular parasite species at a given time. |
| Cumulative prevalence | % of individual in a population estimated to be infected with at least one parasite. |
| Intensity of infection | Refers to number of worms per infected person. Also referred to as worm burden. |
| Morbidity | Clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individuals well being. |
| Treatment: | Deworming Cure Rate Egg Reduction Rate (ERR) Selective Treatment Targeted Treatment Universal Treatment Coverage Drug Resistance Efficacy Effectiveness |
| Deworming | Use of antihelminthic drugs in individual or public health program. |
| Cure Rate | Refers to the number (Expressed as %) of previously + subjects found to be egg negative on examination of a stool or urine sample using standard procedure at a set time after deworming. |
| Egg Reduction Rate (ERR) | is the % fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of stool or urine sample using standard procedure at a set time after the treatment. |
| Selective Treatment | Involves the individual-level deworming with a selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based on presumptive grounds. |
| Targeted Treatment | Group-level deworming where the (risk) group to be treated (w/0 prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status. |
| Universal Treatment | Population deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status or other social characteristics. |
| Coverage | Refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention. |
| Drug Resistance | Genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a worm population that was previously sensitive |
| Efficacy | Effect of drug against infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context. |
| Effectiveness | Measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, immunological, and epidemiologic determinants. |
| Prevention and Control: | Morbidity Control Information-education communication (IEC) Environmental Management Environmental Sanitation Sanitation |
| Morbidity Control | Avoidance of illness by infections. |
| Information-education Communication (IEC) | Is a health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices. |
| Environmental Management | Planning, organization, performance, and monitoring activities for the modification and/or manipulation of the environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or intermediate host. |
| Environmental Sanitation | Interventions to reduce environmental health risks including the safe disposal and hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse, and waste water. |
| Sanitation | Provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta, usually combined with access to safe drinking water. |
| Eradication | Permanent Reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts. |
| Elimination | Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a define area as a result of deliberate efforts. |
| Parasitic worm 2 major divisions: | Nematodes and Plathyhelminthes (Cestodes and Trematodes) Nematodes (roundworms) PLathyhelminthes (Flatworms) - Cestodes (Tapeworms) - Trematodes (Flukes) |
| Typical helminth life cycle includes 3 stages: | Egg Larva Adult Worm |
| Consistency of fecal specimen should be: | Formed, soft, loose, or watery |
| Cyst Form | Found in formed stools. |
| Trophozoite Form | Found in liquid stools. |
| Liquid stools | Should be examined within 1/2 hours of collection. |
| Soft or semisoft stools | Should be examined within 1 hour of collection. |
| STOOL NOTE: | The stool should be refrigerated at 3 to 5 C for up to 4 hours. Stool should not be left at room temperature, incubated or frozen. |
| Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) | Preservative that maintain the morphological characteristics needed to identify the organism. Preserves cysts and trophozoites. |
| Proglottids | Adult worms |
| Purpose of Direct Fecal Smear | To detect the motile trophozoites, amebae, and flagellates. |
Created by:
coffeemanga
Popular Medical sets